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North Frisian Islands
North Frisian Islands.
Part of the Frisian Islands, a low-lying archipelago just off the coast of northern Europe, is visible in this image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.
Zoom in to see this image at its full 10 m resolution or click on the circles to learn more about the features in it.
The Frisian Islands stretch from the northwest of the Netherlands through Germany to the west of Denmark. Although they are considered a single physical feature, they are divided into West, East and North Frisian Islands – with the North Frisian Islands visible here.
The North Frisian Islands are split between Germany and Denmark. There are four larger islands that make up the archipelago: Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, and Pellworm.
Sylt, the largest of the archipelago, is around 100 sq km and is known for its distinctive shape of its shoreline. Sylt extends in length more than 35 km and, in some places, is only 1 km wide. A sandy beach stretches across the islands’ west coast, however it has begun to erode owing to storm tides. The northernmost island of Germany, it is connected to the mainland by the Hindenburgdamm, an 11 km-long causeway.
The Wadden Sea on the islands’ east side, between Sylt and the mainland, is part of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park and has been a nature reserve and bird sanctuary since 1935.
The islands of Föhr and Amrum are visible southeast of Sylt. The larger Föhr is called the ‘Green Island’ due to it being sheltered from the storms of the North Sea by its neighbouring islands. The island of Amrum features an extended beach area along its west coast, which faces the open North Sea. The east coast borders to mud flats and tidal creeks of the Wadden Sea.
The three white islands visible below Amrum are the North Frisian Barrier Islands. These sand banks, or shoals, act as a natural breakwater for the smaller islands cloCredit: ESA / eyevine
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NASA astronaut Victor Glover installs the Fluid Dynamics in Space experiment, or Fluidics for short.
Keeping it fluid.
NASA astronaut Victor Glover installs the Fluid Dynamics in Space experiment, or Fluidics for short. Fluidics is the black cylinder pictured in the foreground of the European Columbus module of the International Space Station.
Developed by French space agency CNES and co-funded by Airbus, the Fluidics experiment is probing how fluids behave in weightlessness.
The experiment is made up of six small, transparent spheres housed in the black centrifuge seen here and is studying two phenomena.
The first is ÔsloshingÕ or how liquids move inside closed spaces, which is hard to predict both with and without gravity. Think how frustrating it can be to get the last drop out of a packet of orange juice, then imagine the challenge for engineers designing satellites to use every drop of fuel in weightlessness, or designing rockets with fuel tanks that must deliver fuel to the engines under extreme loads. Insights can help industry design better satellite fuel-systems to increase their life and make them less expensive.
A second part of the experiment looks at wave turbulence in liquids. On Earth, gravity and surface tension influence how energy dissipates in waves or ripples. In space, scientists can observe how surface forces behave without gravity and single out interactions. This could help us improve climate models forecasting the sea states and better understand wave formation on Earth, like rogue waves for example.
The centrifuge contains two spheres with water for wave-turbulence research and four spheres dedicated to ÔsloshingÕ, of which two hold a special liquid with low viscosity and little surface tension for optimum sloshing.
The experiment was first run on the Station by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet during his Proxima mission in May 2017, with the most recent session completed by NASA astronaut Victor Glover in the European laboratory Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Rad dishes in space
Rad dishes in space. NASA astronaut Kate Rubins poses next to a thriving radish crop growing inside the Advanced Plant Habitat in the International Space Station.
Located in EuropeÕs Columbus module, the NASA experiment is the latest in the study of plants growing in microgravity.
With plans to visit the Moon and Mars, future astronauts will need a regular, fresh source of food as they take on these missions farther away from home. In addition to providing much-needed vitamins and minerals, growing plants in space contributes to sustainability and adds homey touch to exploration.
Growing plants in the microgravity conditions of the International Space Station has allowed researchers to fine tune the approach: European research showed plants respond best to red and blue light, giving the Columbus module a disco feel.
Because plants no longer have gravity to root them to soil, the seeds are grown in ÔpillowsÕ that help evenly distribute fertilizer and water to the roots.
Radishes were chosen because it is a model plant; they have a short cultivation period and are genetically similar to the plant most frequently studied in space, Arabidopsis. Radishes are also edible and nutritious, with this batch ready for harvest any day now. Samples will be sent back to Earth for study.
The Advanced Plant Habitat is a self-contained growth chamber requiring very little intervention from astronauts. It is equipped with LED lights, porous clay, over 180 sensors and cameras regulated by researchers at NASAÕs Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA. From there, plant growth is monitored and conditions adjusted as necessary to better distribute water and fertilizer and control moisture and temperature levels.
The next ESA astronaut to launch to the Station is Thomas Pesquet for mission Alpha. Slated to arrive in Spring 2021, perhaps Thomas will get to try another batch ofCredit: ESA / eyevine
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In a spin on the ISS
In a spin.
If the orientation of this image is a little disorienting, then you know how astronauts feel in their first few hours in space. in weightlessness, the human body loses its cues for up and down and requires adjustments in over to move and manipulate objects.
Researchers are studying extent of this adjustment through the Grip experiment, being set up in this image by NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins on board the International Space Station. ESA KidsÕ mascot Paxi is on standby to help.
When you lift a cup of coffee, you are moving it against gravity. The amount of force you use to lift that cup or move any other object is something you learn as a child but, in the weightlessness of space, it is something astronauts must relearn.
The Grip experiment studies how the central nervous system controls movement and the force astronauts use to manipulate objects with their hands.
Commissioned by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet in 2016, Grip was performed by both Alexander Gerst (2018) and Luca Parmitano (2019) during their Horizons and Beyond missions. Mike and his fellow NASA astronaut Victor Glover are next to participate.
During each session, Mike and Victor will hold an object equipped with measuring instruments between their right thumb and index finger and carry out a range of prescribed movements.
Prior to running on the Space Station, the Grip experiment flew on 20 parabolic flight campaigns. Results indicate that short-term exposure to microgravity induces subtle changes in how the forces used in gripping an object are coordinated. Our brains anticipate the effects of EarthÕs gravity even when it is not there. On the Space Station, researchers can now observe the long-term effects.
The results will help researchers understand potential hazards for astronauts as they move between different gravitational environments and improve the design of haptic interfacCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Laizhou Bay, China
Laizhou Bay, China.
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over the sediment-stained waters in Laizhou Bay, located on the southern shores of the Bohai Sea, on the east coast of mainland China.
Zoom in to see this image at its full 10 m resolution or click on the circles to learn more about the features in it.
The bay is the smallest of three main bays of the Bohai Sea, and is named after the city of Laizhou, visible to the east. Large quantities of sediment carried by the Yellow River, visible in the left of the image, discolour the waters of the bay and appear turquoise. This sediment can be seen throughout the waters in this image, even far from the coast.
The Yellow River is China’s second longest river, with a length of over 5400 km, and is surpassed only by the Yangtze River. The river rises in the Bayan Har Mountains in Western China and flows through nine provinces before emptying into the Laizhou Bay. Its drainage basin is the third largest in the country, with an area of around 750 000 sq km.
The river is estimated to carry 1.6 billion tonnes of silt annually, carrying the majority to the sea. Owing to this heavy load of silt, the Yellow River deposits soil in stretches, ultimately elevating the river bed. Excessive sediment deposits have raised the river bed several metres above the surrounding ground, sometimes causing damaging floods.
On the southern coast of Laizhou Bay, in the bottom of the image, flooded fields are visible and are most likely artificial fish farms. The city of Dongying, home to the second largest oilfield in China, is visible in the left of the image.
This image was processed in a way that included the near-infrared channel, which makes vegetation appear bright red. The lush vegetation can be distinguished from the brown fields in the image, which are unharvested or not yet fully grown.
Copernicus Sentinel-2 is a two-satellite mission. Each satellite carries a high-resolution camera that images Earth’s surfa
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Hidden science. Dotted around the International Space Station, these orange pouches collect information on radiation levels using a device called a dosimeter.
Hidden science.
The Soyuz MS-17 spacecraft arrived to the International Space Station just three hours after launch on 14 October, with Roscosmos astronauts Sergei Ryzhikov and Sergei Kud-Sverchkov and NASA astronaut Kate Rubins on board.
Aside from the human cargo, the Soyuz had space for some science, including one of ESAÕs longest-running experiments, Dosis-3D.
Dotted around the International Space Station, these orange pouches collect information on radiation levels using a device called a dosimeter. The experiment, in different forms, has been monitoring radiation levels since 2009 and the current pouches are changed after each six-month crew rotation. This pouch has been placed on the left side on the Utility Interface Panel next to the Vacuum Connector on ESAÕs Human Research Facility in ESAÕs science laboratory Columbus.
Radiation levels in space can be 15 times higher than on Earth. As soon as humans leave the protective shield that is EarthÕs atmosphere, space radiation becomes a serious concern. As we explore farther and head towards the Moon and even Mars on longer flights, defending ourselves against radiation becomes ever more important.
Dosis-3D helps researchers understand space radiation and how it penetrates the Space Station walls. Active and passive radiation detectors are used to map radiation in all modules, and will help designers and engineers make future spacecraft more resistant to radiation, such as the modules for the lunar Gateway.
Experiments like Dosis-3D often go overlooked as they sit passively in the corner, but as we approach the anniversary of 20 years of continuous habitation of the International Space Station, they are great examples of the kind of science that occurs on humankindÕs outpost in space, and helps prepare for the future of human exploration.
The orange-wrapped dosimeters are about the size of a pack oCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Keep this surface dirty
Keep this surface dirty.
A Ôdo not touchÕ directive applies to both a Matisse painting and this Matiss experiment on board the International Space Station.
Designed to test the antibacterial properties of hydrophobic (or water-repelling) surfaces on the Station, the sample holders of the upgraded Matiss-2.5 experiment have done their work for roughly a year on board and are now back on Earth for analysis.
Bacteria are a big problem in space as they tend to build up in the constantly-recycled atmosphere of the Space Station. For the six astronauts living in humanityÕs habitat in space, keeping the Station clean is an important part of their life to avoid bacteria and fungus. Every Saturday is cleaning day, when the whole crew wipe surfaces, vacuum and collect waste.
Matiss or Microbial Aerosol Tethering on Innovative Surfaces in the international Space Station, driven by French space agency CNES, in collaboration ENS de Lyon and CEA-Leti, and commissioned in 2016 by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, examines the performance of five advanced materials in preventing illness-causing microorganisms from settling and growing in microgravity.
The experiment consists of plaques each containing the five materials to be tested plus a glass control surface. The units are open on the sides to let air flow naturally through and collect any bacteria floating past.
The first set of the Matiss experiment, known as Matiss-1, provided some baseline data points for researchers. Four sample holders were set up in three different locations within the European Columbus laboratory, where they remained for six months.
Once these samples were returned to Earth, researchers characterised the deposits formed on each surface and used the control material to establish a reference for the level and type of contamination expected over half a year.
A continuation of the experiment, knoCredit: ESA / eyevine
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European space laboratory
European space laboratory.
The European space laboratory that is part of the International Space Station, August 2020.
While much of Europe was on holidays in August, it was business as usual on the International Space Station. European science continued to collect data on a range of topics looking to enhance space exploration and life on Earth. Credit: ESA / eyevine
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A panorama of the International Space Station
This panorama of the International Space Station is a wider view of what ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano was capturing on camera during the first of a series of historic spacewalks that took place in November 2019.
Author, journalist and researcher Lee Brandon-Cremer created this photo by stitching together three images taken by Luca as he made his way to the worksite during the first Extravehicular Activity or EVA to service the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), the StationÕs dark matter detector.
"For every spacewalk there are thousands of images taken. Sometimes a few images jump out at me,Ó he explains. ÒOne day I realised I could stitch these images together to expand the scene and show what the astronaut sees in a broader sense.Ó
To create this view, Lee first went looking for images with common points. This proved tricky: of the 1000 or so images he scanned, he found three that could be worked into two expanded photos of the Space Station.
He then joined and lightly edited the images to create a smooth photograph, a technique referred to as ÒstitchingÓ.
In the final image you can see the white panel radiators that keep the Space Station cool. The spacecraft on the left is a Soyuz. On the right is the Kibo module, with Japanese flag visible. The Space Station is flying to the right in this picture.
Nowadays we are spoiled for space imagery. From satellites circling the Earth and spacecraft taking selfies to astronaut snaps from the International Space Station, there is no shortage of photographs at which to marvel Ð and they are easy to access.
Aside from the critical role these images play in aiding scientific studies of Earth, the Solar System and outer space, they are important tools for science communication and public engagement.
One advantage of space imagery made public is how it engages citizen scientists and Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Southern Ukraine
Southern Ukraine.
Southern Ukraine is featured in this false-colour image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission. This image was processed in a way that included the near-infrared channel, which makes vegetation appear bright red.
Owing to Ukraineís climate and arable land, agriculture plays a large role in the countryís economy. In this image, captured on 26 June 2019, a patchwork of agricultural fields dominate the landscape. Ukraineís main grain crops are winter wheat, spring barley and corn.
Circular shapes in the image are an example of centre-pivot irrigation systems, where equipment rotates around a central pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers.
The bright red contrasts with the black waters of the Kakhovka Reservoir on the Dnieper River, visible at the top of the image. Canals are visible as thin, black lines cutting through the agricultural fields, and are mostly used for water supply and irrigation of the surrounding farmlands.
In the far left of the image, the oval-shaped Oleshky Sands is visible. Covering an area of around 160 sq km., this large expanse of sand is considered a small desert in Ukraine. The grassy plains that used to cover the area are said to have died off hundreds of years ago owing to sheep farming ñ initiating the areaís desertification.
In the bottom-right of the image, a colourful network of salty lagoons lie along the northern border of the Crimean Peninsula. These shallow, marshy inlets are known as Syvash (also Sivash or Sivaö). During summer months, the warmer marsh waters leave unpleasant odours ñ earning the region the nicknames ëPutrid Seaí and ëRotten Sea.í
Copernicus Sentinel-2 is a two-satellite mission. Each satellite carries a high-resolution camera that images Earthís surface in 13 spectral bands. The mission is mostly used to track changes in the way land is being used and to monCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls.
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over Victoria Falls Ð one of the worldÕs greatest natural wonders.
Victoria Falls, known locally as Mosi-oa Tunya or Ôthe smoke that thunders,Õ lies along the course of the Zambezi River, on the border between Zambia to the north and Zimbabwe to the south. The Zambezi River flows for around 3500 km from its source on the Central African Plateau and empties into the Indian Ocean.
In this image, captured on 22 February 2019, the river cuts from left to right in the image before plunging over Victoria Falls Ð visible as a white line in the image. While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, Victoria Falls has a width of around 1700 m and a height of over 100 m which classifies it as the worldÕs largest sheet of falling water.
The spray from the falls normally rises to a height of over 400 m and is sometimes visible from up to 40 km away. The water from the Zambezi River then continues and enters a narrow, zigzagging series of gorges, visible in the bottom right of the image.
Despite recent reports of Victoria Falls drying up, the Zambezi River is subject to large seasonal fluctuations Ð with water levels rising and dropping dramatically throughout the year. According to the Zambezi River Authority, the lowest recorded water flows recorded were during the 1995Ñ96 season, which had an annual mean flow of around 390 cubic metres per second, compared to the long-term mean annual flow of around 1100 cubic metres per second.
The town of Victoria Falls, in Zimbabwe, can be seen west of the falls, while the town of Livingstone Ð named after the famous Scottish explorer Ð is visible just north of the falls, in Zambia. The Harry Mwanga Nkumbula airport can be seen west of the town.
The circular shapes in the image are an example of an irrigation method called pivot irrCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Qarman CubeSat deployed from ISS
Qarman CubeSat deployed from ISS.
The moment ESA's latest mission left the International Space Station: the Qarman reentry CubeSat developed with Belgium's Von Karman Institute was deployed by NASA astronaut Andrew 'Drew' Morgan via a Nanoracks dispenser on 19 February 2020. Qarman will now fall gradually to Earth, to eventually gather valuable data on atmospheric reentry physics.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Suited up for gravity
Suited up for gravity. When it comes to grasping an object, our eyes, ears and hands are intimately connected. Our brain draws information from different senses, such as sight, sound and touch, to coordinate hand movements.
Researchers think that, on Earth, gravity is also part of the equation Ð it provides a set of anchoring cues for the central nervous system. Human evolution has balanced its way across millenia with visual references, self-orientation and the help of the vestibular system.
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano got a handle on how microgravity affects our ability to grab and manipulate objects in space with the Gravitational References for Sensimotor Performance (Grasp) experiment.
To get an idea of the differences in how our brains work both with and without gravityÕs pull, the Grasp experiment is also conducted back on Earth. Following his 201-day mission in space, Luca is continuing to work with researchers to collect scientific data while he undertakes a comprehensive rehabilitation programme.
During Grasp, LucaÕs eyes, ears and hands are suited up with a set of sensors Ð including a virtual reality headset Ð that gather information about his actions as he carries out a range of tasks. Rotating his hand to align with a visual object is the main activity, couched in a sort of video-game target practice.
By analysing patterns in the way Luca aligns his hands to the target, researchers seek to better understand how the central nervous system integrates the role of gravity in the neural processes underlying eye-hand coordination.
Armed with an enhanced understanding of the physiology behind eye-hand coordination, researchers hope to better understand and treat disorders relating to vertigo and dizziness, balance, spatial orientation and other aspects of the vestibular system. It will also be helpful in guiding astronauts during spacewalks anCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is docked to the Unity module after being grappled by the CanadaArm2 at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 for docking at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 for docking at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 for docking at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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ISS crosses the moon
Say cheese. Amateur astrophotographer Javier Manteca captured the International Space Station as flew in front of the Moon on 5 February. While most eyes were on the change of command ceremony taking place inside the Space Station ahead of ESA astronaut Luca ParmitanoÕs return to Earth, Javier set up his gear to track the Station from the small town of Campo Real in Madrid, Spain.
Using a camera attached to a 150/750 telescope recording at 25 frames per second, Javier captured the 690 millisecond transit on video and composed this image made from 17 stacked frames.
For Javier, this was a moment two years in the making. He posted the image to his Twitter and Instagram, where you can find more of his work.
Luca returned to Earth the day after this photo, on 6 February, ending a record-breaking 201 days in space for his Beyond mission.
Highlights of his mission include four complex sorties that earned him the European record for most cumulative hours spent on spacewalks, remotely operating a rover in the Netherlands from space, and being the first Italian European commander of the Station.
Another European milestone was met this week. The Orion spacecraft that will fly around the Moon on the Artemis-1 mission completed thermal-vacuum testing in the worldÕs largest vacuum chamber at NASAÕs Plum Brook Station in Ohio, USA.
ESAÕs contribution to the mission is the European Service Module that will power the vehicle as well as provide electricity, water, oxygen and nitrogen and keep the spacecraft at the right temperature and on course.
From 26 December until 9 February, the spacecraft was subjected to environmental temperatures varying from Ð175¡C to 75¡C to give it its first taste of space. Read more about it on the ESA Orion blog. The spacecraft will be reconfigured for electromagnetic testing, to begin at the end of the month.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Down to Earth
Down to Earth.
Jessica Meir rocks her CAVES shirt on board the International Space Station. Jessica was the first woman to participate in ESAÕs underground astronaut training programme in 2016.
It might not be obvious, but there are many similarities between working deep underground and in outer space.
Since 2011, ESAÕs Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills course has been taking astronauts below EarthÕs surface and preparing them to work safely and effectively as representative spaceflight teams in an environment where risk, scientific operations and living conditions have many similarities to space . At the end of the course astronauts are better prepared to participate in long term ISS expeditions, balancing mission goals, environmental risks, team demands through their individual skills and team processes.
As many as 34 astronauts from six agencies have scouted caves to experience the challenges and excitement of exploring alien environments on Earth.
Jessica joined the 2016 edition along with five astronauts from China, Japan, USA, Spain and Russia in the caves of Sardinia, Italy, to explore the depths and train for life in outer space. As the teamÕs biologist, Jessica was tasked with searching for alien underground life. Jessica talked about her love for exploration and her experience at CAVES in her video before launching to the Space Station.
Just as with spacewalks, the underground ÔcavewalksÕ required safety tethering, 3D orientation, careful planning and teamwork. Jessica and her fellow cave explorers needed to stay alert in an environment where they were deprived of natural light and every move was a step into the unknown.
The experience no doubt complemented the extensive spacewalk training she has since received. Jessica went on to conduct the first ever all-female spacCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Aurora Above Atlantic Ocean
January 22, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - An aurora blankets the Earth beneath a celestial night sky as the International Space Station orbited 261 miles above the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North America. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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International Space Station astronauts
Luca and Drew with their spacesuits. International Space Station commander Luca Parmitano and NASA astronaut Andrew Morgan work on the spacesuits they will wear during the fourth and final #SpacewalkForAMS scheduled for 25 January. During this spacewalk, the duo will finalise thermal repairs on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an astrophysics device searching for evidence of dark matter and antimatter on the International Space Station's Starboard-3 truss structure.
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Finalize Thermal Repairs
January 21, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - (From left) Commander LUCA PARMITANO of ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA astronaut ANDREW MORGAN work on U.S. spacesuits they will wear on a spacewalk scheduled for Jan. 25. The duo will finalize thermal repairs on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an astrophysics device searching for evidence of dark matter and antimatter on the International Space Station's Starboard-3 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Finalize Thermal Repairs
January 21, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - Commander LUCA PARMITANO of ESA (European Space Agency) works on U.S. spacesuits that he and NASA astronaut Andrew Morgan will wear on a spacewalk scheduled for Jan. 25. The duo will finalize thermal repairs on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an astrophysics device searching for evidence of dark matter and antimatter on the International Space Station's Starboard-3 truss structure (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR is pictured during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. Meir had her photograph taken by fellow NASA astronaut Christina Koch as both spacewalkers were working 266 miles above the Pacific Ocean off the coast of New Zealand. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut CHRISTINA KOCH is tethered to the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronauts JESSICA MEIR (left) and CHRISTINA KOCH are pictured during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR is outfitted with pistol grip tools and attached to an articulating portable foot restraint during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - The reflection in NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR spacesuit helmet is fellow NASA astronaut Christina Koch photographing her crewmate during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - The barely noticeable reflection in NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR spacesuit helmet is fellow NASA astronaut Christina Koch photographing her crewmate during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut CHRISTINA KOCH is pictured near a solar array during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 15, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR is attached to an articulating portable foot restraint during a spacewalk with NASA astronaut Christina Koch (upper right) to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 11, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR works in the Quest airlock on U.S. spacesuits that she and fellow NASA astronaut Jessica Koch wore during a pair of spacewalks on Jan. 15 and Jan. 20. The duo finalized upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure during both spacewalks. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Cygnus Space Freighter With Cymbal-Shaped Solar Arrays
Nov 9, 2019 - Earth Atmosphere - Northrop Grumman's Cygnus space freighter with its prominent cymbal-shaped solar arrays is pictured as the International Space Station orbited 265 miles above the South Atlantic Ocean near the tip of South Africa. In the top right foreground, is the seven-windowed cupola with its window shutters open. Behind Cygnus, is the one of the station's basketball court-sized solar arrays. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Spacewalk prep
Four spacewalks in the coming weeks means a lot of prep work. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano is gearing up the first in a series of historic extravehicular activities or EVAs taking place 15 November. He is pictured here creating tape flags that will be used to mark tubes during the spacewalks.
The spacewalks are to service the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer or AMS, a cosmic ray detector that is searching for dark matter, antimatter, and completely unexpected physics well beyond its three-year mission.
Installed outside the International Space Station in 2011, the instrument has recorded over 140 billion particles to date along with their mass, velocity, and charge and direction of travel. This data is helping scientists track down the origin of cosmic rays and search for dark matter, the invisible matter component of our universe, as well as the antimatter counterpart that should have been created at the birth of our universe in the Big Bang.
As expected, the harsh environment of space began to wear down the facility. One by one, the cooling pumps keeping a vital detector at a constant temperature began to fail, affecting the data collection.
Plans for spacewalks to upgrade the pumps have been in the making for years to keep the science going.
Never intended to be serviced in orbit, the AMS maintenance will be complex.
For starters, AMS-02 has over 300,000 data channels. There are also no handrails or foot restraints installed around the instrument to access the cooling system that needs maintenance. New tools are also needed, as astronauts have never cut and reconnected fluid lines in a bulky spacesuit before.
Luca trained well in advance for these spacewalks at NASAÕs Johnson Space Center in Houston, USA. New tools and procedures were extensively tested, with a lot of know-how drawn from the last series of complex spacewalks to extend the life of a valuable space instrument, the Hubble Space telescope.
Now that the latest Cygnus cargo supply mis
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Australian river
Australian river.
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano snapped this image of Australia from the International Space Station during his second long-duration mission known as Beyond. He posted it on social media after returning to Earth saying "The delta of an Australian river like a life-bringing tree."
Luca came back from the International Space Station, on 5 February 2020. He spent six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he supported more than 50 European experiments and more than 200 international experiments in space.
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A flock of astronauts
A flock of astronauts. When Earth is so far away, it helps to have friends nearby.
The usual six-astronaut crew of the International Space Station welcomed three more and a cargo vehicle last week, making for a full house on the orbital outpost.
The arrival of NASA astronaut Jessica Meir, Russian cosmonaut Oleg Skripochka and the first United Arab Emirates (UAE) astronaut Hazza Al Mansouri on Friday was followed by the Japanese HTV-8 space freighter the next day, bringing over four tonnes of supplies and fresh science.
With nine people now on board, the Space Station is even busier and nosier than usual, including at mealtimes.
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano tweeted this image of the team gathered for a celebratory dinner in the Russian Zvezda module, the food preparation area of the Space Station. He captioned it: ÒCelebrating three birthdays in one week (me, and Nick Hague and Alexei Ovchinin), wearing the t-shirts of our Ôspace bandÕ: ÔKryk ChaykyÕ- ÔThe cry of the seagull.ÕÓ
The seagulls, like shared mealtimes, are one way the crew cope with the oddities of life in space. From isolation and disturbed day-night rhythms to the hums and buzzes of the Space Station, living in space can be stressful. Astronauts try to maintain a routine that includes social time to unwind and build comradery. This is especially important in a multicultural environment. A total of 239 people from 19 countries have visited the space home, and as of LucaÕs current mission Beyond, there are 4 nationalities on board. Luca is preparing to take over command of the Space Station, when current commander cosmonaut Alexei Ovchinin, NASA astronaut Nick Hague and UAE astronaut Hazza Al Mansouri return to Earth in the early hours of 3 October. In the meantime, it is not all fun and band practice for the crew. They are hard at work on science experiments and, perhaps more importantly this week, station maintenance.
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Hera logo aboard ISS
Hera logo aboard ISS. The logo for Hera, ESAÕs proposed asteroid mission for planetary defence, has already reached space, thanks to ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano, who snapped this photo from the cupola of the International Space Station. The Hera mission itself is seeking final approval for development at the Space19+ Ministerial Council this November.
ÒThe Hera team welcomes this high-profile appearance,Ó says Ian Carnelli, managing Hera. ÒThe next time our logo will get anywhere near this high would be for its initial moments of flight, covering the fairing of its Ariane 6 launcher.Ó
Part of ESAÕs new Space Safety programme, Hera is planned as EuropeÕs contribution to an audacious planetary defence experiment. In summer 2022, NASAÕs DART mission will impact the smaller of the Didymos binary asteroids, in an attempt to deflect it.
Hera would then perform a detailed post-impact survey of the deflected body, measuring its mass and the size and shape of the crater left by DART, to turn planetary deflection into a well-understood technique that could be performed against various scales of targets if ever needed to actually defend Earth.
ÒAsteroids hold unique information about Solar System formation and ultimately about our own origins,Ó comments Luca. ÒThey are tracers of Solar System formation where collisions played a fundamental role.
ÒUnderstanding the impact processes at scales beyond what is achievable in laboratories provides important clues on the evolution of the Solar System, including our own planet. It is fascinating to think that the same science can protect our planet from asteroid impacts.Ó
The Hera logo summarises key goals of the Hera mission: protection from asteroid impact, modelling binary asteroid systems, preventing asteroid collisions and developing new technology Ð including the two CubeSats the spacecraft will deploy to perform close-up surveyCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Hawaii
Hawaii. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano snapped this image of Hawai'i from the International Space Station during his second long-duration mission known as Beyond. after returning to Earth saying he took so many photos that he did not get the chance to post all of them while from orbit.
Luca came back from the International Space Station, on 5 February 2020. He spent six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he supported more than 50 European experiments and more than 200 international experiments in space.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Amazon fires from ISS
Amazon fires. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano captured a series of images of fires affecting the Amazon rainforest during his Beyond mission on board the International Space Station.
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Amazon fires seen from Space Station
Amazon fires seen from Space Station. The Amazon rainforest is burning.
As relief agencies turn to satellite data to help assess the scale, astronauts too are helping to provide context from the International Space Station. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano took this image, among a series, from his vantage point 400 km above Earth on 24 August 2019. He tweeted the images, captioning them: ÒThe smoke, visible for thousands of kilometres, of tens of human-caused fires in the Amazon forest.Ó The Amazon basin is home to millions of plants and animals and many indigenous people. It also produces a significant amount of the EarthÕs oxygen, for which it is sometimes referred to as Ôthe lungs of the worldÕ. The Amazon rainforest covers large parts of Brazil, as well as parts of Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina, all of which have been affected.
While fires rage in the rainforest, strong winds have carried smoke plumes thousands of kilometres across land and sea, causing a black out in S‹o Paulo, Brazil, some 2500 km away. Data from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring System (CAMS) shows that smoke has even travelled as far as the Atlantic coast. Fires are common during the dry season, which runs from July to October. But this year is unlike any other. Copernicus Sentinel-3 data has helped to detect almost 4000 fires in August 2019 alone, compared to only 1110 fires in the same period last year. This yearÕs unprecedented blazes are four times the normal amount and are likely due to legal and illegal deforestation for agricultural purposes. Rising global temperatures are also thought to make the region more susceptible to fire. The fires have sparked an international crisis, with many grappling with what a burning Amazon means for local plant, animal, and indigenous populations, not to mention our planetÕs future.
As Luca tweeted, there is no Planet B.
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Amazon fires from ISS
Amazon fires seen from Space Station. As relief agencies turn to satellite data to help assess the scale, astronauts too are helping to provide context from the International Space Station.
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano took this image, among a series, from his vantage point 400 km above Earth on 24 August 2019. He tweeted the images, captioning them: ÒThe smoke, visible for thousands of kilometres, of tens of human-caused fires in the Amazon forest.Ó
The Amazon basin is home to millions of plants and animals and many indigenous people. It also produces around 20% of EarthÕs oxygen, for which it is sometimes referred to as Ôthe lungs of the worldÕ. The Amazon rainforest covers large parts of Brazil, as well as parts of Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina, all of which have been affected.
While fires rage in the rainforest, strong winds have carried smoke plumes thousands of kilometres across land and sea, causing a black out in S‹o Paulo, Brazil, some 2500 km away. Data from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring System (CAMS) shows that smoke has even travelled as far as the Atlantic coast.
Fires are common during the dry season, which runs from July to October. But this year is unlike any other.
Copernicus Sentinel-3 data has helped to detect almost 4000 fires in August 2019 alone, compared to only 1110 fires in the same period last year.
This yearÕs unprecedented blazes are four times the normal amount and are likely due to legal and illegal deforestation for agricultural purposes.
Rising global temperatures are also thought to make the region more susceptible to fire.
The fires have sparked an international crisis, with many grappling with what a burning Amazon means for local plant, animal, and indigenous populations, not to mention our planetÕs future.
As Luca tweeted, there is no Planet B.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Amazon fires from ISS
Amazon fires. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano captured a series of images showing fires affecting the Amazon rainforest as seen from the International Space Station during his Beyond mission.
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Amazon fires from ISS
Amazon fires. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano captured a series of images of fires in the Amazon rainforest as seen from the International Space Station during his Beyond mission.
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Greece from the ISS
Greece. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano captured this image of Greece from the International Space Station and shared it on his social media channels saying: "Crib of history and mother of culture, land of ancient heroes and explorers - a flight over Greece. WeÕre sending our greetings from the peak of science and technology." Luca was launched to the International Space Station for his second mission, Beyond, on 20 July 2019. He will spend six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he will support more than 50 European experiments and more than 200 international experiments in space.
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FEATURE - Pix of the Day: Bilder des Tages
Super Typhoon Trami. ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this image of Typhoon Trami on 25 September 2018, 400 km high from the International Space Station. He commented:
"As if somebody pulled the planet's gigantic plug. Staring down the eye of yet another fierce storm. Category 5 Super Typhoon Trami is unstoppable and heading for Japan and Taiwan. Be safe down there!"
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(FOTO: DUKAS/EYEVINE) *** Local Caption *** 02227653
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Ground-based view of the sky around the galaxies NGC 1052-DF4 NG
This image shows the sky around the ultra diffuse galaxiesÊNGC 1052-DF4 and NGC 1052-DF2. It was created from images forming part of the Digitized Sky Survey 2. NGC 1052-DF2 is basically invisible in this image.Ê InÊ2018Êan international team of researchers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and several other observatories uncovered, for the first time, a galaxy in our cosmic neighbourhood that is missing most of its dark matter. This discovery of the galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 was a surprise to astronomers, as it was understood that Dark matter (DM) is a key constituent in current models of galaxy formation and evolution. In fact, without the presence of DM, the primordial gas would lack enough gravity pull to start collapsing and forming new galaxies. A year later, another galaxy that misses dark matter was discovered, NGC 1052-DF4, which further triggered intense debates among astronomers about the nature of these objects. Now, new Hubble data have been used to explain the reason behind the missing dark matter in NGC 1052-DF4, which resides 45 million light-years away,Êproviding further evidence for tidal disruption.ÊBy studying the galaxyÕs light and globular cluster distribution, astronomers have concluded that the gravity forces of the neighbouring galaxy NGC 1035 stripped the dark matter from NGC 1052-DF4 and are now tearing the galaxy apart.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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FEATURE - Alltag in der Raumstation
"Can you identify this river?" asked astronaut Mark Vande Hei currently stationed aboard the International space Station. It's the Amazon River. "The views up here never get old, especially Sun glinting off the water," he added.
Sixty years ago, scientists were unsure whether Earth’s surface could be seen clearly from space. Many thought that the dust particles and other aerosols in the atmosphere would scatter the light, masking the oceans and continents. The Gemini and Apollo programs demonstrated otherwise. Astronauts have used specialized cameras to take pictures of Earth that show the beauty and complexity of our living planet, and helped kickstart the era of Earth science research from space.
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Home away from home planet
Home away from home planet. As a month of celebrating 20 years of continuous human habitation of the International Space Station draws to a close, we look back on the first mission of the next ESA astronaut to travel to the Space Station, Thomas Pesquet.
The ESA astronaut of French nationality lived and worked on the Space Station for 196 days during his first mission, Proxima, between November 2016 and June 2017. Thomas is one of 18 European astronauts to have spent time on board and will return for his Alpha missionin spring 2021.
Thomas is seen here working in the European Columbus laboratory that was launched to the Station in February 2008.
The Columbus laboratory is EuropeÕs largest single contribution to the International Space Station. Permanently attached to the Harmony module, this pressurised laboratory allows researchers on the ground, aided by the StationÕs crew, to conduct a wide variety of research in a weightless environment.
Experiments in space science, Earth observation and technology can also be conducted outside the module, thanks to four exterior mounting platforms that are exposed to the vacuum of space. Room outside Columbus for commercial experiments is also on its way, with the Bartolomeoservices due to begin operations soon.
During his upcoming Alpha mission, Thomas will continue this research and experimentation on the International Space Station supported by his crewmates and ground teams from ESA, the US space agency NASA, Russian space agency Roscosmos, the Canadian Space Agency and the Japanese space agency JAXA.
This enduring international partnership is a key feature of the Space Station as nations work across cultures and borders, performing science, research and engineering that has led to breakthroughs in disease research, materials science, Earth observation, our understanding of EarthÕs origins and more.
ThCredit: ESA / eyevine
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ISS Boarding issues
Boarding issues.
Science regularly requires maintenance, and the European Physiology Module (EPM) on board the International Space Station needed the latest fix.
Located in the European Columbus laboratory, the refrigerator-sized EPM supports research into the effects of short- and long-duration spaceflight on the human body.
The EPM is a multi-user facility that includes equipment for neuroscientific, cardiovascular, and physiological studies and software that transmits the data to Earth for further analysis.
In September, the crew were alerted to an issue with the Science Module Support Computer (FOTO: DUKAS/EYEVINE)
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