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From atoms to planets, the longest-running Space Station experiment
PK-4 parts.
Plasma Kristall parts on the International Space Station.
As Europe celebrates 20 years of ESA astronauts on the International Space Station, a Russian-European experiment has been running quietly in the weightless research centre for just as long: the Plasma Kristall (PK) suite of investigations into fundamental science.
Plasma Kristall takes a plasma and injects fine dust particles in weightlessness, turning the dust into highly charged particles that interact with each other, bouncing off each other as their charge causes the particles to attract or repel. Under the right conditions, the dust particles can arrange themselves over time to form organised structures, or plasma crystals.
These interactions and forming of three-dimensional structures resemble the workings of our world on the atomic scale, a world so small that we cannot see move even with an electron microscope. Add a laser to the mix and the dust particles can be seen and recorded for observation by scientists on Earth for a sneak peak of the world beyond our eyes.
These surrogate atoms are a way for researchers to simulate how materials form on an atomic scale, and to test and visualise theories. The experiment cannot be run on Earth because gravity only makes sagging, flattened recreations possible; if you want to see how a crystal is constituted you need to remove the force pulling downwards – gravity.
On 3 March 2001, “PK-3 Plus” was turned on in the Zvezda module, the first physical experiment to run on the Space Station. Led by the German aerospace centre DLR and Russian space agency Roscosmos the experiment was a success and later followed up by a fourth version, installed in 2014 in ESA’s Columbus laboratory, this time as an ESA-Roscosmos collaboration.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Thomas and the blue marble
Thomas and the blue marble.
A snap of ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet during the second spacewalk to upgrade the International Space StationÕs power system, taken by NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough.
The duo performed the second extra vehicular activity to bolt in place and unfurl an IROSA, or ISS Roll-Out Solar Array, on Sunday 20 June.
The series of spacewalks last week was not without some challenges. During the first spacewalk on 16 June, Shane experienced a small technical problem in his spacesuit that required him to return to the airlock and restart his Display and Control Module. This module provides astronauts with continuous information on pressure, temperature and other vital data during a spacewalk.
Though the restart was successful and Shane was in no danger, it delayed the duoÕs work, preventing them from completing installation of the first new solar array as planned.
The duo succeeded in taking the IROSA panel out of its storage area outside the Space Station and passed from spacewalker to spacewalker to the worksite. There the rolled arrays were secured. The spacewalk lasted 7 hours and 15 minutes.
During the second spacewalk, the duo unfolded, bolted and connected the wires. Then they hung out while the panels were unfurled, a sequence that lasted about 10 minutes.
Shane and Thomas then got ahead of the next spacewalk by preparing the next IROSA for installation before cleaning up the worksite and heading back to the airlock. This spacewalk lasted 6 hours and 28 minutes, with only a minor technical snag. ShaneÕs helmet lights and camera partially detached from his helmet but Thomas used some wire to reattach them as a temporary fix.
Mission planners are working on a third spacewalk on Friday June 25 to install the second pair of new solar arrays. This will go on the P6 trussÕ 4B power channel, opposite the first new solar array.
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New solar arrays for the International Space Station
New solar arrays for the International Space Station.
New solar arrays before installation on the farthest port side of the International Space Station as seen by HD cameras outside the orbital complex. These arrays, called iROSA for ISS Roll-Out Solar Array, are rolled up into tubes for transport.
These panels are smaller but more efficient than the existing solar arrays, which are showing signs of degradation after years of continuous work in outer space. The combination of the old and new arrays will increase the power generation to a total of 215 kilowatts.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet and NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough performed three spacewalks in the span of 10 days to install new solar arrays that will generate between 20 and 30% more electricity on the International Space Station.
The duo took them from their storage area outside the Space Station to the worksite. There the spacewalkers secured the rolled arrays for them to be unfolded, connected and finally unfurled over the existing arrays.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Dubai palm island Alpha
Dubai palm island Alpha.
Dubai palm island seen from the International Space Station during ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet's second mission, Alpha, 3 June 2021, and to compare the same island (rotated and on a white background) photographed by Thomas in 2017 during his first mission, Proxima.
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Samantha in command. Quiet please, future International Space Station commander in training.
Samantha in command.
Quiet please, future International Space Station commander in training. ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti prepares for her upcoming mission to the International Space Station at NASAÕs Johnson Space Center in Texas, USA.
Samantha is a member of Crew-4 and will launch with NASA astronauts Kjell Lindgren and Bob Hines to the Station from Florida, USA, on a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft in 2022.
This will be SamanthaÕs second mission in space after Futura in 2015 and she is expected to serve as Space Station commander for Expedition 68a, a first for her. Her experience will stand her in good stead as EuropeÕs first female in command of an International Space Station expedition.
Samantha said ÒI am humbled by my appointment to the position of commander and look forward to drawing on the experience IÕve gained in space and on Earth to lead a very capable team in orbit.Ó
She will be ESAÕs fifth International Space Station commander and the fourth from ESAÕs astronaut class of 2009.
Her nomination comes at a significant moment for European nationals of all genders, as ESA issues a rare call for new astronauts. The deadline for applications to ESAÕs astronaut selection has just been extended to 18 June 2021, to accommodate the addition of Lithuania as an ESA Associate Member. For more information about ESAÕs astronaut selection visit esa.int/yourwaytospace.
In the meantime, Samantha will continue training with all International Space Station partners in a programme that includes Space Station refreshers, science briefings, and Crew-4 launch preparation.
Watch a replay of a recent chat between Samantha and ESA Director of Human and Robotic Exploration, David Parker, in which the pair answer some questions concerning her upcoming mission.
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Looking out the window
Looking out the window.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet returned to the International Space Station on 24 April 2021 taking a new ride to space, the SpaceX Crew Dragon launching from Florida. The trip took 23 hours and Thomas took a series of images from the capsule and shared them on his social media channels.
Commenting on this image, he said: "Admiring the view, but when you launch from Cape Canaveral, you mustn't forget the sunscreen... I didn't have this problem in Baikonur!"
Thomas was launched to the International Space Station for his second mission, Alpha, on 23 April 2021. He will spend six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he will support more than 200 international experiments in space.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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FEATURE - NASA will 2024 wieder zum Mond
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Japanese car giant Toyota has announced it is teaming up with the country’s space agency to investigate creating a vehicle for exploring the Moon.And it would be capable of having a range of more than 10,000 kilometres.It would be 6 metres long, 5.2 metres high and 3.8 metres wide, about the size of two microbuses, with an interior living space of 13 square metres.It would have a crew of two but be capable of accommodating four people in an emergency.The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , known as JAXA and Toyota plan to accelerate their ongoing joint study of a manned, pressurized rover that employs fuel cell electric vehicle technologies. It would be carried to the lunar surface by a lander already built and ready to roll.Such a form of mobility is deemed necessary for human exploration activities on the lunar surface.Even with the limited amount of energy that can be transported to the Moon, the pressurized rover would have a total lunar-surface cruising range of more than 10,000 km.JAXA envisions launching such a rover as the Toyota concept vehicle into space in 2029.
OPS:Rendering of the propsed elecytric powered Toyota and JAXA lunar rover
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FEATURE - Pix of the Day: Bilder des Tages
Super Typhoon Trami. ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this image of Typhoon Trami on 25 September 2018, 400 km high from the International Space Station. He commented:
"As if somebody pulled the planet's gigantic plug. Staring down the eye of yet another fierce storm. Category 5 Super Typhoon Trami is unstoppable and heading for Japan and Taiwan. Be safe down there!"
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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NEWS - Die 20 besten Bilder des Astronauten Tim Peake
The 20 best images taken by ESA astronaut Tim Peake selected by photographer Max Alexander. Tim shared over 400 pictures during his six-month Principia mission on the International Space Station, many from the European-built Cupola observatory.Italia!
ESA astronaut Tim Peake took this image from the International Space Station during his six-month Principia mission. He commented: "We have phases of 'short nights' on the International Space Station ñ sunlight is nearly always visible right now. No
prizes for guessing where this isÖ"
Professional photographer Max Alexander has known Tim Peake from before his launch into space and gave Tim photography tips during his mission. Max comments: "Italy is bathed in twilight in this emblematic photograph, with artificial light balanced out by the remnants of the day. Shot at the end of May, the International Space Station was orbiting with short nights at this time, and with sunlight never far away ñ as you can see on the curve of the Earth."
Credit: ESA / NASA / eyevine
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Dragon fire
Dragon fire.
SpaceXÕs Falcon 9 rocket carrying the Crew Dragon spits fire as it lifts off from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, 23 April at 05:49 local time. On board are ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide.
The crew of four spent around 23 hours orbiting Earth and catching up with the International Space Station after their launch before docking to the Node-2 Harmony module, marking the start of ESAÕs six-month mission Alpha.
Thomas is the first European to be launched to space on a US spacecraft in over a decade. The new Crew Dragon ships four astronauts at a time, allowing more people to live and work on the International Space Station doing more research for scientists on Earth.
Alpha is ThomasÕ second space mission, and everything is set to be bigger and brighter. A Russian laboratory module, scheduled to arrive in the summer with a European robotic arm, will offer more ways of maintaining the International Space Station and supporting spacewalkers as they work outside. Thomas will help set up this arm and prepare it for use during the Alpha mission.
Over 200 international experiments are planned during ThomasÕ time in space. Of the 40 European ones, 12 are new experiments led by the French space agency CNES.
At the end of the Alpha mission in October, Thomas will take over commander of the International Space Station for a brief period and welcome ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer on his first flight to space.
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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NASA's Crew-11 Mission Crew Walkout On, Second Attempt
Three astronauts and one cosmonaut on the Crew-11 mission to the International Space Station board their transport vehicles to the launch pad on the second launch attempt at the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building in Kennedy Space Center, FL, on August 1, 2025. (Photo by Austin DeSisto/NurPhoto) -
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NASA And SpaceX's Crew-11 Launch To The International Space Station
Falcon 9, Dragon, and Crew-11 launch to the International Space Station at LC-39A in Kennedy Space Center, FL, on August 1, 2025. (Photo by Austin DeSisto/NurPhoto) -
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NASA Crew 11
Mission Specialist and JAXA astronaut Kimiya Yui of Japan waves to family and friends before entering the transport vehicle that takes him to the LC-39A launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA. The launch is delayed due to inclement weather and lightning. A second attempt is made at 1123 HRS EST on August 1, 2025. (Photo by George Wilson/NurPhoto) -
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Falcon 9 And Dragon On The Launch Pad Before Crew-11
Falcon 9 and Dragon are poised on the launch pad prior to launching Crew-11 to the International Space Station at Launch Complex 39A in Merritt Island, FL, on July 30, 2025. (Photo by Austin DeSisto/NurPhoto) -
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First run out for Moon rover by car maker Toyota
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A Moon rover being developed by car maker Toya has been given its first Earthbound test run.
The Lunar Cruiser is being built by the automobile giant alongside the Japanese space agency JAXA.
The planned six-wheeled vehicle will aid US space agency NASA's plans for exploring the Moon as art of its Artemis campaign to put humans back on the surface.
It was giving its first roll out at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas on April 29.
From 2027, the Artemis will send astronauts to establish a base and engage in long-term exploration.
The hope is that knowledge gained through lunar exploration will underpin future missions to Mars.
Two Japanese astronauts are set to take part in the project.
They will be getting around in the crewed pressurised Lunar Cruiser.
The air pressure is controlled to create an environment similar to Earth’s.
Unlike previous lunar rovers, this means that those onboard need not wear extravehicular suits, even in an unforgiving environment with one-sixth of Earth’s gravity and temperatures ranging from 120°C during the day to -170°C at night.
It is 6 meters long, 5.2 meters wide, and 3.8 meters high with a cabin 7 square meters, which means it can also provide a living space for astronauts as they explore the lunar surface.
OPS: Render of how the Toyota Lunar Cruiser will look exploring the Moon's surface
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Cosmic pearl
It can be hard to appreciate that a human-made, football-pitch-sized spacecraft is orbiting 400 km above our heads, but there it is.
The jewel of human cooperation and ingenuity that is the International Space Station shines brightly in this image captured by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet from the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour.
Crew-2 got these amazing views during a flyaround of the orbiting lab after undocking from the Harmony module on 8 November, before their return to Earth.
Since this image was taken, there has even been a new addition in the form of the Russian Node Module, known as Prichal. The final Russian module planned for the Station, it is a spherical node attached to the Russian segment with six docking ports for future Progress and Soyuz arrivals.
A collaboration between five space agencies, the Station has become a symbol of peaceful international cooperation for 23 years now. It represents the best of our space engineering capabilities as well as humankind’s pursuit of scientific knowledge and exploration.
By any standards, it is an incredible piece of spacecraft engineering. Weighing 420 tonnes, it travels in low-Earth orbit at more than 27 000 km/hour, circling Earth approximately 16 times every day.
Crew members conduct scientific research in microgravity at facilities such as ESA’s Columbus module. Some of these experiments and tests are preparing the way for human exploration of the Moon and beyond. But the Station also provides a unique view of Earth, while its science benefits life on our planet.
Current ESA astronaut in residence is Matthias Maurer, a first-time flier spending around six-months in orbit for his Cosmic Kiss mission. Matthias will continue to support a wide range of European and international science experiments and technological research on the Station before handing off to the next ESA astronaut to fly, Samantha Cristoforetti.
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ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet and his crew mates held the very first space Olympics as the Olympic Games started in Tokyo.
All the players.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet and his crew mates held the very first space Olympics as the Olympic Games started in Tokyo. For crew cohesion and fun, they put together a friendly competition between the Soyuz team and the Dragon team.
Thomas said: "the events ranged from synchronised floating or lack-of-floor routine to (very) long jumps and no-hand ball. We had all flags of the world (yes, every single country) hung up on the ceiling of the lab which gave an inspiring (and colourful) backdrop to our athletic prowess (or lack of)."
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Dubai palm island Alpha
Dubai palm island Alpha.
Dubai palm island seen from the International Space Station during ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet's second mission, Alpha, 3 June 2021, and to compare the same island (rotated and on a white background) photographed by Thomas in 2017 during his first mission, Proxima.
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Cygnus NG-15 cargo vehicle
On its way...
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet snapped this image of the Cygnus NG-15 cargo vehicle over Earth during his second long-duration mission known as Alpha. He posted it on social media saying: "So long Cygnus! Thanks for all the supplies you brought up here and thanks for clearing out the trash as you leave. Cygnus NG-15 arrived at the Station long before me on 22 February and has served as an extra module since then. Yesterday we said goodbye but packed it with waste first that will burn up on reentry, clearing some space inside the Space Station. The distinctive solar panels you might have seen in many previous images, they are now gone."
Thomas was launched to the International Space Station for his second mission, Alpha, on 23 April 2021. He will spend six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he will support more than 200 international experiments in space.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Bike and photographer
Bike and photographer.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet is here working out while his crew mate NASA astronaut, Shane Kimbrough, takes pictures of Earth.
Thomas recently shared this image on his social media channels saying:"A typical view on the International Space Station's NASA Destiny laboratory. The legs sticking out are Shane's who was opening the shutters to admire the view after an exercise session. The window he is looking out looks straight down at Earth and when we fly over Europe it is often my legs sticking out :)"
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Cable management
Cable management.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet configures equipment for an experiment called GRIP that studies astronauts' perception of mass and movement and how they interface with the human body and change in microgravity.
Thomas recently shared this image on his social media channels saying:"An old friend of mine: the ESA GRIP experiment! On my first parabolic flight in 2010, we took part in a safety analysis of the hardware, then during my first flight in 2017 I performed the on-orbit commissioning. It has been going strong since with 6 subjects (including ESA astronauts @astro_alex_esa and @astro_luca), and I should be one of the last ones! It is complex, with lots of cablesÉ always hard to manage when youÕre free-floating. The experiment is under the responsibility of CADMOS, the French User Operations Centre based in Toulouse. They do an excellent job of sorting out the cables and telling us what goes where."Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Mission Alpha liftoff
Mission Alpha liftoff.
Liftoff of the Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft with ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japanese astronaut Aki Hoshide. The Crew-2 spend around 24 hours travelling to the International Space Station. The rocket lifted off at 11:49 on 23 April 2021 from Launchpad 39A in Cape Canaveral at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA.
Thomas is the first ESA astronaut to fly in space in a vehicle other than the Russian Soyuz or the US Space Shuttle, and the first ESA astronaut to leave Earth from Florida, USA, in over a decade. This is his second flight, his first mission called Proxima saw Thomas fly to the Space Station on a Soyuz from Baikonur in Kazakhstan and his Expedition broke records for amount of hours spent on research at the time.
Thomas’ second mission to the International Space Station is called Alpha. This is after Alpha Centauri, the closest stellar system to Earth, following the French tradition to name space missions after stars or constellations.
Over 200 experiments are planned during Thomas’s time in space, with 40 European ones and 12 new experiments led by France’s space agency CNES.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Mission Alpha liftoff
Mission Alpha liftoff.
Liftoff of the Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft with ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japanese astronaut Aki Hoshide. The Crew-2 spend around 24 hours travelling to the International Space Station. The rocket lifted off at 11:49 on 23 April 2021 from Launchpad 39A in Cape Canaveral at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA.
Thomas is the first ESA astronaut to fly in space in a vehicle other than the Russian Soyuz or the US Space Shuttle, and the first ESA astronaut to leave Earth from Florida, USA, in over a decade. This is his second flight, his first mission called Proxima saw Thomas fly to the Space Station on a Soyuz from Baikonur in Kazakhstan and his Expedition broke records for amount of hours spent on research at the time.
Thomas’ second mission to the International Space Station is called Alpha. This is after Alpha Centauri, the closest stellar system to Earth, following the French tradition to name space missions after stars or constellations.
Over 200 experiments are planned during Thomas’s time in space, with 40 European ones and 12 new experiments led by France’s space agency CNES.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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The International Space Station has been orbiting Earth for over two decades
Time keeping.
The International Space Station has been orbiting Earth for over two decades, and the first European astronaut to arrive was Umberto Guidoni on 21 April 2001. Time is one of the Space StationÕs main assets for running experiments in micro-gravity, as it is the only laboratory that can offer long-term exposure to a weightless world. But how do astronauts themselves perceive time when in space, and could this influence their operational ability when docking spacecraft or controlling robotic arms far from home?
This picture shows NASA astronaut Victor Glover as test subject for ESAÕs Time experiment on 26 March 2021. This experiment uses virtual reality to chart whether our perception of time changes when living on the International Space Station.
Since perceptions of time and space are believed to share the same neural processes, and research on depth perception in weightlessness has shown that astronauts often underestimate distance, scientists speculate that, for astronauts, time also flies in space.
The Time experiment on the International Space Station investigates the claim that time subjectively speeds up in microgravity.
Astronauts gauge how long a visual target appears on a laptop screen and their reaction times to these prompts are recorded to measure speed of response and any changes over time.
Scientists are collecting more than just data on the neurological mechanisms at work here. The relativity of time, after all, implies that it is all in your head. As much as we can objectively measure and plot time, how individual humans perceive it is not just neurological but also psychological.
Time flies, and flying at 28 800 km/h time actually slows down according the theory of relativity. This month is a bumper month of celebrations for ESA and international spaceflight as we celebrate 20 years of Europeans on the International Space StatioCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Sardinia, Italy
Sardinia, Italy.
Sardinia, the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, is featured in this false-colour image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.
Zoom in to see this image at its full 20 m resolution or click on the circles to learn more about the features in this image.
Sardinia (also known as Sardegna) is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the west and south and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the east. The island sits 200 km west of the Italian Peninsula, 200 km north of Tunisia and around 12 km south of the French island of Corsica, partially visible in the top of the image.
This image, which uses data from 11 October to 14 October 2019, has been processed using the shortwave infrared band and the near infrared band to highlight dense vegetation. Crops and vegetation appear in bright green in the image, while bare soil can be seen in various shades of orange and brown.
Grasslands and croplands with a higher moisture content appear more vibrant in the image. As water is a strong absorber of infrared, inland water bodies are delineated and can be easily spotted in black. Much of the SardiniaÕs arable land is devoted to cereal cultivation and fruit growing.
Sardinia is a mainly mountainous region, with its highest point Mount La Marmora in the Gennargentu massif visible in the centre-right of the image. With over 1800 km of coastline, Sardinia is internally renowned for its beaches including those along the Emerald Coast, or Costa Smeralda, Alghero and Villasimius. The coasts, particularly in the east, are high and rocky, with long stretches of coastline with bays, inlets and various smaller islands located off the coast.
The archipelago of La Maddalena, including the renowned islands of La Maddalena, Caprera and Santo Stefano, can be seen in the top-right of the image. Its islands are known for their pristine beaches and wild beauty. CagliarCredit: ESA / eyevine
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NASA astronaut Victor Glover installs the Fluid Dynamics in Space experiment, or Fluidics for short.
Keeping it fluid.
NASA astronaut Victor Glover installs the Fluid Dynamics in Space experiment, or Fluidics for short. Fluidics is the black cylinder pictured in the foreground of the European Columbus module of the International Space Station.
Developed by French space agency CNES and co-funded by Airbus, the Fluidics experiment is probing how fluids behave in weightlessness.
The experiment is made up of six small, transparent spheres housed in the black centrifuge seen here and is studying two phenomena.
The first is ÔsloshingÕ or how liquids move inside closed spaces, which is hard to predict both with and without gravity. Think how frustrating it can be to get the last drop out of a packet of orange juice, then imagine the challenge for engineers designing satellites to use every drop of fuel in weightlessness, or designing rockets with fuel tanks that must deliver fuel to the engines under extreme loads. Insights can help industry design better satellite fuel-systems to increase their life and make them less expensive.
A second part of the experiment looks at wave turbulence in liquids. On Earth, gravity and surface tension influence how energy dissipates in waves or ripples. In space, scientists can observe how surface forces behave without gravity and single out interactions. This could help us improve climate models forecasting the sea states and better understand wave formation on Earth, like rogue waves for example.
The centrifuge contains two spheres with water for wave-turbulence research and four spheres dedicated to ÔsloshingÕ, of which two hold a special liquid with low viscosity and little surface tension for optimum sloshing.
The experiment was first run on the Station by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet during his Proxima mission in May 2017, with the most recent session completed by NASA astronaut Victor Glover in the European laboratory Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Hidden science. Dotted around the International Space Station, these orange pouches collect information on radiation levels using a device called a dosimeter.
Hidden science.
The Soyuz MS-17 spacecraft arrived to the International Space Station just three hours after launch on 14 October, with Roscosmos astronauts Sergei Ryzhikov and Sergei Kud-Sverchkov and NASA astronaut Kate Rubins on board.
Aside from the human cargo, the Soyuz had space for some science, including one of ESAÕs longest-running experiments, Dosis-3D.
Dotted around the International Space Station, these orange pouches collect information on radiation levels using a device called a dosimeter. The experiment, in different forms, has been monitoring radiation levels since 2009 and the current pouches are changed after each six-month crew rotation. This pouch has been placed on the left side on the Utility Interface Panel next to the Vacuum Connector on ESAÕs Human Research Facility in ESAÕs science laboratory Columbus.
Radiation levels in space can be 15 times higher than on Earth. As soon as humans leave the protective shield that is EarthÕs atmosphere, space radiation becomes a serious concern. As we explore farther and head towards the Moon and even Mars on longer flights, defending ourselves against radiation becomes ever more important.
Dosis-3D helps researchers understand space radiation and how it penetrates the Space Station walls. Active and passive radiation detectors are used to map radiation in all modules, and will help designers and engineers make future spacecraft more resistant to radiation, such as the modules for the lunar Gateway.
Experiments like Dosis-3D often go overlooked as they sit passively in the corner, but as we approach the anniversary of 20 years of continuous habitation of the International Space Station, they are great examples of the kind of science that occurs on humankindÕs outpost in space, and helps prepare for the future of human exploration.
The orange-wrapped dosimeters are about the size of a pack oCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Keep this surface dirty
Keep this surface dirty.
A Ôdo not touchÕ directive applies to both a Matisse painting and this Matiss experiment on board the International Space Station.
Designed to test the antibacterial properties of hydrophobic (or water-repelling) surfaces on the Station, the sample holders of the upgraded Matiss-2.5 experiment have done their work for roughly a year on board and are now back on Earth for analysis.
Bacteria are a big problem in space as they tend to build up in the constantly-recycled atmosphere of the Space Station. For the six astronauts living in humanityÕs habitat in space, keeping the Station clean is an important part of their life to avoid bacteria and fungus. Every Saturday is cleaning day, when the whole crew wipe surfaces, vacuum and collect waste.
Matiss or Microbial Aerosol Tethering on Innovative Surfaces in the international Space Station, driven by French space agency CNES, in collaboration ENS de Lyon and CEA-Leti, and commissioned in 2016 by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, examines the performance of five advanced materials in preventing illness-causing microorganisms from settling and growing in microgravity.
The experiment consists of plaques each containing the five materials to be tested plus a glass control surface. The units are open on the sides to let air flow naturally through and collect any bacteria floating past.
The first set of the Matiss experiment, known as Matiss-1, provided some baseline data points for researchers. Four sample holders were set up in three different locations within the European Columbus laboratory, where they remained for six months.
Once these samples were returned to Earth, researchers characterised the deposits formed on each surface and used the control material to establish a reference for the level and type of contamination expected over half a year.
A continuation of the experiment, knoCredit: ESA / eyevine
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FEATURE - NASA will 2024 wieder zum Mond
Ferrari Press Agency
Ref 10204
Moon 1
12/03/2019
See Ferrari text
Pictures must credit: Toyota
Japanese car giant Toyota has announced it is teaming up with the country’s space agency to investigate creating a vehicle for exploring the Moon.And it would be capable of having a range of more than 10,000 kilometres.It would be 6 metres long, 5.2 metres high and 3.8 metres wide, about the size of two microbuses, with an interior living space of 13 square metres.It would have a crew of two but be capable of accommodating four people in an emergency.The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , known as JAXA and Toyota plan to accelerate their ongoing joint study of a manned, pressurized rover that employs fuel cell electric vehicle technologies. It would be carried to the lunar surface by a lander already built and ready to roll.Such a form of mobility is deemed necessary for human exploration activities on the lunar surface.Even with the limited amount of energy that can be transported to the Moon, the pressurized rover would have a total lunar-surface cruising range of more than 10,000 km.JAXA envisions launching such a rover as the Toyota concept vehicle into space in 2029.
OPS:Rendering of the propsed elecytric powered Toyota and JAXA lunar rover
Picture supplied by Ferrari (FOTO: DUKAS/FERRARI PRESS)
(c) Dukas -
DUK10117386_003
FEATURE - NASA will 2024 wieder zum Mond
Ferrari Press Agency
Ref 10204
Moon 1
12/03/2019
See Ferrari text
Pictures must credit: Toyota
Japanese car giant Toyota has announced it is teaming up with the country’s space agency to investigate creating a vehicle for exploring the Moon.And it would be capable of having a range of more than 10,000 kilometres.It would be 6 metres long, 5.2 metres high and 3.8 metres wide, about the size of two microbuses, with an interior living space of 13 square metres.It would have a crew of two but be capable of accommodating four people in an emergency.The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , known as JAXA and Toyota plan to accelerate their ongoing joint study of a manned, pressurized rover that employs fuel cell electric vehicle technologies. It would be carried to the lunar surface by a lander already built and ready to roll.Such a form of mobility is deemed necessary for human exploration activities on the lunar surface.Even with the limited amount of energy that can be transported to the Moon, the pressurized rover would have a total lunar-surface cruising range of more than 10,000 km.JAXA envisions launching such a rover as the Toyota concept vehicle into space in 2029.
OPS:Rendering of the propsed elecytric powered Toyota and JAXA lunar rover
Picture supplied by Ferrari (FOTO: DUKAS/FERRARI PRESS)
(c) Dukas -
DUK10117386_002
FEATURE - NASA will 2024 wieder zum Mond
Ferrari Press Agency
Ref 10204
Moon 1
12/03/2019
See Ferrari text
Pictures must credit: Toyota
Japanese car giant Toyota has announced it is teaming up with the country’s space agency to investigate creating a vehicle for exploring the Moon.And it would be capable of having a range of more than 10,000 kilometres.It would be 6 metres long, 5.2 metres high and 3.8 metres wide, about the size of two microbuses, with an interior living space of 13 square metres.It would have a crew of two but be capable of accommodating four people in an emergency.The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , known as JAXA and Toyota plan to accelerate their ongoing joint study of a manned, pressurized rover that employs fuel cell electric vehicle technologies. It would be carried to the lunar surface by a lander already built and ready to roll.Such a form of mobility is deemed necessary for human exploration activities on the lunar surface.Even with the limited amount of energy that can be transported to the Moon, the pressurized rover would have a total lunar-surface cruising range of more than 10,000 km.JAXA envisions launching such a rover as the Toyota concept vehicle into space in 2029.
OPS:Rendering of the propsed elecytric powered Toyota and JAXA lunar rover
Picture supplied by Ferrari (FOTO: DUKAS/FERRARI PRESS)
(c) Dukas -
DUK10088468_004
FEATURE - Best of: Bilder des Tages
The laboratory ofProfessor Chiaki Terashima from the Tokyo University of science at the Photocatalysis International Research Center in Chiba on 29th of March. Professor Terashima is researching hydroponics. A liquid fertilizer, witch has already been used to cultivate turnips, is used can be created by simply running electricity through water and air. Although this fertilizer can be made from readily available ingredients it helps prevent the growth of algae, a common obstacle in Hydroponics, and can help grow food hygienically and efficiently. Dr Terashima would like to see this method in use on earth within the year, and in space within five years.29/03/2018-CHIBA, JAPAN
//DELETREEPIERREEMMANUEL_PED_0027/Credit:DELETREE/SIPA/1803290925 (FOTO: DUKAS/SIPA) *** Local Caption *** 00852042
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DUK10024965_035
NEWS - ISS umrundete Erde 100 000 Mal
Dragon Spacecraft Undocks for Return to Earth. European Space Agency astronaut Tim Peake captured this photograph of the SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft as it undocked from the International Space Station on May 11, 2016. The spacecraft was released from the stationÕs robotic arm at 9:19 a.m. EDT. Following a series of departure burns and maneuvers to move beyond the 656-foot (200-meter) Òkeep out sphereÓ around the station, Dragon began its return trip to Earth. It is currently scheduled to splashdown in the Pacific Ocean at 2:55 p.m., about 261 miles southwest of Long Beach, California.
The spacecraft will return the final batch of human research samples from former NASA astronaut Scott KellyÕs historic one-year mission. These samples will be analyzed for studies such as Biochemical Profile, Cardio Ox, Fluid Shifts, Microbiome, Salivary Markers and the Twins Study. Additional samples taken on the ground as Kelly continues to support these studies will provide insights relevant for the journey to Mars, as NASA learns more about how the human body adjusts to weightlessness, isolation, radiation and the stress of long-duration spaceflight.Photo Credit: NASA / eyevine
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DUK10020231_003
NEWS - Die 20 besten Bilder des Astronauten Tim Peake
The 20 best images taken by ESA astronaut Tim Peake selected by photographer Max Alexander. Tim shared over 400 pictures during his six-month Principia mission on the International Space Station, many from the European-built Cupola observatory.Yucatan Peninsula – Site of the Chicxulub impact crater
ESA astronaut Tim Peake took this image from the International Space Station during his six-month Principia mission. He commented: "66 million years ago a 14-km wide asteroid struck this part of Mexico and wiped out the dinosaurs."
Professional photographer Max Alexander has known Tim Peake from before his launch into space and gave Tim photography tips during his mission. Max comments: "Tim really scored a bull's eye with this shot of the Yucatan Peninsula, which would have required quite a bit of planning for a favourable orbit. When 66 million years ago, a city-sized asteroid collided with the Earth, right in the middle of the photograph, it wiped out the dinosaurs and 75% of life on Earth. You can imagine an asteroid coming from space and hitting the Earth in this photograph. I asked Tim to take this picture while an offshore scientific expedition was drilling into the submerged impact crater, and also for Asteroid Day – an annual global event on June 30th that raises awareness about the threat of asteroids – which is in partnership with ESA. "
Credit: ESA / NASA / eyevine
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DUK10020231_002
NEWS - Die 20 besten Bilder des Astronauten Tim Peake
The 20 best images taken by ESA astronaut Tim Peake selected by photographer Max Alexander. Tim shared over 400 pictures during his six-month Principia mission on the International Space Station, many from the European-built Cupola observatory.Swirling plankton
ESA astronaut Tim Peake took this image from the International Space Station during his six-month Principia mission. He commented: "Another great pass over Patagonia and a swirling plankton bloom off the coast."
Professional photographer Max Alexander has known Tim Peake from before his launch into space and gave Tim photography tips during his mission. Max comments: "Plankton bloom off the coast of Patagonia appears to be performing a dance in turquoise. Tim really has an eye for the abstract, as is exemplified by this image - which is only possible to see from space. Beautifully done!"
Credit: ESA / NASA / eyevine
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DUK10020231_020
NEWS - Die 20 besten Bilder des Astronauten Tim Peake
The 20 best images taken by ESA astronaut Tim Peake selected by photographer Max Alexander. Tim shared over 400 pictures during his six-month Principia mission on the International Space Station, many from the European-built Cupola observatory.Cygnus capture
ESA astronaut Tim Peake took this image from the International Space Station during his six-month Principia mission. He commented: "View from the office this morning. Good work Tim Kopra on the capture!"
Professional photographer Max Alexander has known Tim Peake from before his launch into space and gave Tim photography tips during his mission. Max comments: "Timing is everything in this shot of the Cygnus supply spacecraft being captured by Tim Kopra using the Canadarm. This rendezvous in space is gorgeously set against the backdrop of rich colours, with obliquely lit cloud tops over the Caribbean. And the shot would have been over in a flash."
Credit: ESA / NASA / eyevine
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