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20 years of Europeans on the Space Station
20 years of Europeans on the Space Station. The International Space Station has been orbiting Earth for over two decades, and the first European astronaut to arrive was Umberto Guidoni on 21 April 2001. This month ESA celebrates 20 years of ESA astronauts on the International Space Station. The next to be launched, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, is scheduled to ride to the Station on a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft on 22 April 2021 under NASA’s commercial crew programme.
Umberto flew to the Space Station on the US Space Shuttle STS-100 mission that was launched on 19 April 2001. This picture shows him in the Russian Zvezda Service Module after opening the hatch on 23 April between the Space Shuttle Endeavour and the International Space Station. The Dragon spacecraft that will fly Thomas to space almost exactly 20 years later is also called Endeavour and leaves from the same launch facility at Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA. It will be the first ESA launch from the USA in over a decade.
The 11-day STS-100 mission was the 9th Shuttle visit to the International Space Station and included two spacewalks. The main payloads were the Italian-built Raffaello multi-purpose pressurised logistics module and Canada's giant robotic arm, that went on to help build the International Space Station to the football-field-sized outpost it is today, with three laboratory modules, an airlock and more.
Since Umberto’s mission, there have been 26 further ESA astronaut missions to the International Space Station, with astronauts flying to Station on either the Russian Soyuz or US Space Shuttle spacecraft.
Thomas’ mission will be the 28th mission for ESA, with ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer already lined up for his first flight later this year, and ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti scheduled for the 30th ESA International Space Station mission in 2022.
Umberto went on to become a member of the European Parliament after his historic flight.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Thomas Pesquet with GRIP experiment
Thomas Pesquet with GRIP experiment.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet configures equipment for an experiment called GRIP that studies astronauts' perception of mass and movement and how they interface with the human body and change in microgravity.
Thomas recently shared this image on his social media channels saying: "An old friend of mine: the ESA GRIP experiment! On my first parabolic flight in 2010, we took part in a safety analysis of the hardware, then during my first flight in 2017 I performed the on-orbit commissioning. It has been going strong since with 6 subjects (including ESA astronauts @astro_alex_esa and @astro_luca), and I should be one of the last ones! It is complex, with lots of cablesÖ always hard to manage when youíre free-floating. The experiment is under the responsibility of CADMOS, the French User Operations Centre based in Toulouse. They do an excellent job of sorting out the cables and telling us what goes where."
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Cable management
Cable management.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet configures equipment for an experiment called GRIP that studies astronauts' perception of mass and movement and how they interface with the human body and change in microgravity.
Thomas recently shared this image on his social media channels saying:"An old friend of mine: the ESA GRIP experiment! On my first parabolic flight in 2010, we took part in a safety analysis of the hardware, then during my first flight in 2017 I performed the on-orbit commissioning. It has been going strong since with 6 subjects (including ESA astronauts @astro_alex_esa and @astro_luca), and I should be one of the last ones! It is complex, with lots of cablesÉ always hard to manage when youÕre free-floating. The experiment is under the responsibility of CADMOS, the French User Operations Centre based in Toulouse. They do an excellent job of sorting out the cables and telling us what goes where."Credit: ESA / eyevine
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ISS Group photo
Group photo.
JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi snapped this image of the full ISS crew after the arrival of Thomas Pesquet and his Crew-2. Thomas shared this image on his social media platforms saying: "It is good to be back! We just called our friends and families to reassure them we arrived in good health, the smiles on our faces (no masks up here!) speak volumes. It is a great feeling to be weightless again in the Space Station. It feels familiar in a way, but also very special. The space is less tidy than last time, but this is simply because there is more equipment We now have a few hours to install our sleeping bags, toiletries, sport gear and so on, afterwardsÉ to work!"
Thomas was launched to the International Space Station for his second mission, Alpha, on 23 April 2021. He will spend six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he will support more than 200 international experiments in space.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Samantha in command. Quiet please, future International Space Station commander in training.
Samantha in command.
Quiet please, future International Space Station commander in training. ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti prepares for her upcoming mission to the International Space Station at NASAÕs Johnson Space Center in Texas, USA.
Samantha is a member of Crew-4 and will launch with NASA astronauts Kjell Lindgren and Bob Hines to the Station from Florida, USA, on a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft in 2022.
This will be SamanthaÕs second mission in space after Futura in 2015 and she is expected to serve as Space Station commander for Expedition 68a, a first for her. Her experience will stand her in good stead as EuropeÕs first female in command of an International Space Station expedition.
Samantha said ÒI am humbled by my appointment to the position of commander and look forward to drawing on the experience IÕve gained in space and on Earth to lead a very capable team in orbit.Ó
She will be ESAÕs fifth International Space Station commander and the fourth from ESAÕs astronaut class of 2009.
Her nomination comes at a significant moment for European nationals of all genders, as ESA issues a rare call for new astronauts. The deadline for applications to ESAÕs astronaut selection has just been extended to 18 June 2021, to accommodate the addition of Lithuania as an ESA Associate Member. For more information about ESAÕs astronaut selection visit esa.int/yourwaytospace.
In the meantime, Samantha will continue training with all International Space Station partners in a programme that includes Space Station refreshers, science briefings, and Crew-4 launch preparation.
Watch a replay of a recent chat between Samantha and ESA Director of Human and Robotic Exploration, David Parker, in which the pair answer some questions concerning her upcoming mission.
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Mission Alpha liftoff
Mission Alpha liftoff.
Liftoff of the Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft with ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japanese astronaut Aki Hoshide. The Crew-2 spend around 24 hours travelling to the International Space Station. The rocket lifted off at 11:49 on 23 April 2021 from Launchpad 39A in Cape Canaveral at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA.
Thomas is the first ESA astronaut to fly in space in a vehicle other than the Russian Soyuz or the US Space Shuttle, and the first ESA astronaut to leave Earth from Florida, USA, in over a decade. This is his second flight, his first mission called Proxima saw Thomas fly to the Space Station on a Soyuz from Baikonur in Kazakhstan and his Expedition broke records for amount of hours spent on research at the time.
Thomas’ second mission to the International Space Station is called Alpha. This is after Alpha Centauri, the closest stellar system to Earth, following the French tradition to name space missions after stars or constellations.
Over 200 experiments are planned during Thomas’s time in space, with 40 European ones and 12 new experiments led by France’s space agency CNES.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Looking out the window
Looking out the window.
ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet returned to the International Space Station on 24 April 2021 taking a new ride to space, the SpaceX Crew Dragon launching from Florida. The trip took 23 hours and Thomas took a series of images from the capsule and shared them on his social media channels.
Commenting on this image, he said: "Admiring the view, but when you launch from Cape Canaveral, you mustn't forget the sunscreen... I didn't have this problem in Baikonur!"
Thomas was launched to the International Space Station for his second mission, Alpha, on 23 April 2021. He will spend six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he will support more than 200 international experiments in space.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Mission Alpha liftoff
Mission Alpha liftoff.
Liftoff of the Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft with ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japanese astronaut Aki Hoshide. The Crew-2 spend around 24 hours travelling to the International Space Station. The rocket lifted off at 11:49 on 23 April 2021 from Launchpad 39A in Cape Canaveral at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA.
Thomas is the first ESA astronaut to fly in space in a vehicle other than the Russian Soyuz or the US Space Shuttle, and the first ESA astronaut to leave Earth from Florida, USA, in over a decade. This is his second flight, his first mission called Proxima saw Thomas fly to the Space Station on a Soyuz from Baikonur in Kazakhstan and his Expedition broke records for amount of hours spent on research at the time.
Thomas’ second mission to the International Space Station is called Alpha. This is after Alpha Centauri, the closest stellar system to Earth, following the French tradition to name space missions after stars or constellations.
Over 200 experiments are planned during Thomas’s time in space, with 40 European ones and 12 new experiments led by France’s space agency CNES.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Falcon 9 Crew Dragon getting readied for the launch of Crew-2.
Falcon 9 Crew Dragon getting readied for the launch of Crew-2.
A Falcon 9 Crew Dragon getting readied for the launch of Crew-2 on launch pad 39A on 22 April 2021 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. French ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet is returning to the International Space Station on his second spaceflight.
The mission, which is called Alpha, will see the first European to launch on a US spacecraft in over a decade. Thomas is flying on the Crew Dragon, alongside NASA astronauts Megan MacArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japanese astronaut Aki Hoshide.
After a delay due to difficult weather the launch is now planned for 23 April 2021 05:49 EDT / 11:49 CEST.
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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The International Space Station has been orbiting Earth for over two decades
Time keeping.
The International Space Station has been orbiting Earth for over two decades, and the first European astronaut to arrive was Umberto Guidoni on 21 April 2001. Time is one of the Space StationÕs main assets for running experiments in micro-gravity, as it is the only laboratory that can offer long-term exposure to a weightless world. But how do astronauts themselves perceive time when in space, and could this influence their operational ability when docking spacecraft or controlling robotic arms far from home?
This picture shows NASA astronaut Victor Glover as test subject for ESAÕs Time experiment on 26 March 2021. This experiment uses virtual reality to chart whether our perception of time changes when living on the International Space Station.
Since perceptions of time and space are believed to share the same neural processes, and research on depth perception in weightlessness has shown that astronauts often underestimate distance, scientists speculate that, for astronauts, time also flies in space.
The Time experiment on the International Space Station investigates the claim that time subjectively speeds up in microgravity.
Astronauts gauge how long a visual target appears on a laptop screen and their reaction times to these prompts are recorded to measure speed of response and any changes over time.
Scientists are collecting more than just data on the neurological mechanisms at work here. The relativity of time, after all, implies that it is all in your head. As much as we can objectively measure and plot time, how individual humans perceive it is not just neurological but also psychological.
Time flies, and flying at 28 800 km/h time actually slows down according the theory of relativity. This month is a bumper month of celebrations for ESA and international spaceflight as we celebrate 20 years of Europeans on the International Space StatioCredit: ESA / eyevine
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European Robotic Arm installation on Nauka
European Robotic Arm installation on Nauka.
The European Robotic Arm (ERA) during installation on top of the the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, in Kazakhstan, in May 2021.
The European Robotic Arm is the first robot that can ÔwalkÕ around the Russian part of the International Space Station.
ERA has a length of over 11 m, and can anchor itself to the Station in multiple locations, moving backwards and forwards around the Russian segment with a large range of motion. Its home base will be the Multipurpose Laboratory Module, also called ÔNaukaÕ.
Astronauts will find in the European Robotic Arm a most valuable ally Ð it will save them precious time to do other work in space.
The crew in space can control ERA from both inside and outside the Space Station, a feature that no other robotic arm has offered before.
100% made-in-Europe, this intelligent robotic arm consists of two end effectors, two wrists, two limbs and one elbow joint together with electronics and cameras. Both ends act as either a 'hand' for the robot.
Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Sardinia, Italy
Sardinia, Italy.
Sardinia, the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, is featured in this false-colour image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.
Zoom in to see this image at its full 20 m resolution or click on the circles to learn more about the features in this image.
Sardinia (also known as Sardegna) is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the west and south and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the east. The island sits 200 km west of the Italian Peninsula, 200 km north of Tunisia and around 12 km south of the French island of Corsica, partially visible in the top of the image.
This image, which uses data from 11 October to 14 October 2019, has been processed using the shortwave infrared band and the near infrared band to highlight dense vegetation. Crops and vegetation appear in bright green in the image, while bare soil can be seen in various shades of orange and brown.
Grasslands and croplands with a higher moisture content appear more vibrant in the image. As water is a strong absorber of infrared, inland water bodies are delineated and can be easily spotted in black. Much of the SardiniaÕs arable land is devoted to cereal cultivation and fruit growing.
Sardinia is a mainly mountainous region, with its highest point Mount La Marmora in the Gennargentu massif visible in the centre-right of the image. With over 1800 km of coastline, Sardinia is internally renowned for its beaches including those along the Emerald Coast, or Costa Smeralda, Alghero and Villasimius. The coasts, particularly in the east, are high and rocky, with long stretches of coastline with bays, inlets and various smaller islands located off the coast.
The archipelago of La Maddalena, including the renowned islands of La Maddalena, Caprera and Santo Stefano, can be seen in the top-right of the image. Its islands are known for their pristine beaches and wild beauty. CagliarCredit: ESA / eyevine
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North Frisian Islands
North Frisian Islands.
Part of the Frisian Islands, a low-lying archipelago just off the coast of northern Europe, is visible in this image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.
Zoom in to see this image at its full 10 m resolution or click on the circles to learn more about the features in it.
The Frisian Islands stretch from the northwest of the Netherlands through Germany to the west of Denmark. Although they are considered a single physical feature, they are divided into West, East and North Frisian Islands – with the North Frisian Islands visible here.
The North Frisian Islands are split between Germany and Denmark. There are four larger islands that make up the archipelago: Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, and Pellworm.
Sylt, the largest of the archipelago, is around 100 sq km and is known for its distinctive shape of its shoreline. Sylt extends in length more than 35 km and, in some places, is only 1 km wide. A sandy beach stretches across the islands’ west coast, however it has begun to erode owing to storm tides. The northernmost island of Germany, it is connected to the mainland by the Hindenburgdamm, an 11 km-long causeway.
The Wadden Sea on the islands’ east side, between Sylt and the mainland, is part of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park and has been a nature reserve and bird sanctuary since 1935.
The islands of Föhr and Amrum are visible southeast of Sylt. The larger Föhr is called the ‘Green Island’ due to it being sheltered from the storms of the North Sea by its neighbouring islands. The island of Amrum features an extended beach area along its west coast, which faces the open North Sea. The east coast borders to mud flats and tidal creeks of the Wadden Sea.
The three white islands visible below Amrum are the North Frisian Barrier Islands. These sand banks, or shoals, act as a natural breakwater for the smaller islands cloCredit: ESA / eyevine
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NASA astronaut Victor Glover installs the Fluid Dynamics in Space experiment, or Fluidics for short.
Keeping it fluid.
NASA astronaut Victor Glover installs the Fluid Dynamics in Space experiment, or Fluidics for short. Fluidics is the black cylinder pictured in the foreground of the European Columbus module of the International Space Station.
Developed by French space agency CNES and co-funded by Airbus, the Fluidics experiment is probing how fluids behave in weightlessness.
The experiment is made up of six small, transparent spheres housed in the black centrifuge seen here and is studying two phenomena.
The first is ÔsloshingÕ or how liquids move inside closed spaces, which is hard to predict both with and without gravity. Think how frustrating it can be to get the last drop out of a packet of orange juice, then imagine the challenge for engineers designing satellites to use every drop of fuel in weightlessness, or designing rockets with fuel tanks that must deliver fuel to the engines under extreme loads. Insights can help industry design better satellite fuel-systems to increase their life and make them less expensive.
A second part of the experiment looks at wave turbulence in liquids. On Earth, gravity and surface tension influence how energy dissipates in waves or ripples. In space, scientists can observe how surface forces behave without gravity and single out interactions. This could help us improve climate models forecasting the sea states and better understand wave formation on Earth, like rogue waves for example.
The centrifuge contains two spheres with water for wave-turbulence research and four spheres dedicated to ÔsloshingÕ, of which two hold a special liquid with low viscosity and little surface tension for optimum sloshing.
The experiment was first run on the Station by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet during his Proxima mission in May 2017, with the most recent session completed by NASA astronaut Victor Glover in the European laboratory Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Rad dishes in space
Rad dishes in space. NASA astronaut Kate Rubins poses next to a thriving radish crop growing inside the Advanced Plant Habitat in the International Space Station.
Located in EuropeÕs Columbus module, the NASA experiment is the latest in the study of plants growing in microgravity.
With plans to visit the Moon and Mars, future astronauts will need a regular, fresh source of food as they take on these missions farther away from home. In addition to providing much-needed vitamins and minerals, growing plants in space contributes to sustainability and adds homey touch to exploration.
Growing plants in the microgravity conditions of the International Space Station has allowed researchers to fine tune the approach: European research showed plants respond best to red and blue light, giving the Columbus module a disco feel.
Because plants no longer have gravity to root them to soil, the seeds are grown in ÔpillowsÕ that help evenly distribute fertilizer and water to the roots.
Radishes were chosen because it is a model plant; they have a short cultivation period and are genetically similar to the plant most frequently studied in space, Arabidopsis. Radishes are also edible and nutritious, with this batch ready for harvest any day now. Samples will be sent back to Earth for study.
The Advanced Plant Habitat is a self-contained growth chamber requiring very little intervention from astronauts. It is equipped with LED lights, porous clay, over 180 sensors and cameras regulated by researchers at NASAÕs Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA. From there, plant growth is monitored and conditions adjusted as necessary to better distribute water and fertilizer and control moisture and temperature levels.
The next ESA astronaut to launch to the Station is Thomas Pesquet for mission Alpha. Slated to arrive in Spring 2021, perhaps Thomas will get to try another batch ofCredit: ESA / eyevine
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In a spin on the ISS
In a spin.
If the orientation of this image is a little disorienting, then you know how astronauts feel in their first few hours in space. in weightlessness, the human body loses its cues for up and down and requires adjustments in over to move and manipulate objects.
Researchers are studying extent of this adjustment through the Grip experiment, being set up in this image by NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins on board the International Space Station. ESA KidsÕ mascot Paxi is on standby to help.
When you lift a cup of coffee, you are moving it against gravity. The amount of force you use to lift that cup or move any other object is something you learn as a child but, in the weightlessness of space, it is something astronauts must relearn.
The Grip experiment studies how the central nervous system controls movement and the force astronauts use to manipulate objects with their hands.
Commissioned by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet in 2016, Grip was performed by both Alexander Gerst (2018) and Luca Parmitano (2019) during their Horizons and Beyond missions. Mike and his fellow NASA astronaut Victor Glover are next to participate.
During each session, Mike and Victor will hold an object equipped with measuring instruments between their right thumb and index finger and carry out a range of prescribed movements.
Prior to running on the Space Station, the Grip experiment flew on 20 parabolic flight campaigns. Results indicate that short-term exposure to microgravity induces subtle changes in how the forces used in gripping an object are coordinated. Our brains anticipate the effects of EarthÕs gravity even when it is not there. On the Space Station, researchers can now observe the long-term effects.
The results will help researchers understand potential hazards for astronauts as they move between different gravitational environments and improve the design of haptic interfacCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Laizhou Bay, China
Laizhou Bay, China.
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over the sediment-stained waters in Laizhou Bay, located on the southern shores of the Bohai Sea, on the east coast of mainland China.
Zoom in to see this image at its full 10 m resolution or click on the circles to learn more about the features in it.
The bay is the smallest of three main bays of the Bohai Sea, and is named after the city of Laizhou, visible to the east. Large quantities of sediment carried by the Yellow River, visible in the left of the image, discolour the waters of the bay and appear turquoise. This sediment can be seen throughout the waters in this image, even far from the coast.
The Yellow River is China’s second longest river, with a length of over 5400 km, and is surpassed only by the Yangtze River. The river rises in the Bayan Har Mountains in Western China and flows through nine provinces before emptying into the Laizhou Bay. Its drainage basin is the third largest in the country, with an area of around 750 000 sq km.
The river is estimated to carry 1.6 billion tonnes of silt annually, carrying the majority to the sea. Owing to this heavy load of silt, the Yellow River deposits soil in stretches, ultimately elevating the river bed. Excessive sediment deposits have raised the river bed several metres above the surrounding ground, sometimes causing damaging floods.
On the southern coast of Laizhou Bay, in the bottom of the image, flooded fields are visible and are most likely artificial fish farms. The city of Dongying, home to the second largest oilfield in China, is visible in the left of the image.
This image was processed in a way that included the near-infrared channel, which makes vegetation appear bright red. The lush vegetation can be distinguished from the brown fields in the image, which are unharvested or not yet fully grown.
Copernicus Sentinel-2 is a two-satellite mission. Each satellite carries a high-resolution camera that images Earth’s surfa
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Hidden science. Dotted around the International Space Station, these orange pouches collect information on radiation levels using a device called a dosimeter.
Hidden science.
The Soyuz MS-17 spacecraft arrived to the International Space Station just three hours after launch on 14 October, with Roscosmos astronauts Sergei Ryzhikov and Sergei Kud-Sverchkov and NASA astronaut Kate Rubins on board.
Aside from the human cargo, the Soyuz had space for some science, including one of ESAÕs longest-running experiments, Dosis-3D.
Dotted around the International Space Station, these orange pouches collect information on radiation levels using a device called a dosimeter. The experiment, in different forms, has been monitoring radiation levels since 2009 and the current pouches are changed after each six-month crew rotation. This pouch has been placed on the left side on the Utility Interface Panel next to the Vacuum Connector on ESAÕs Human Research Facility in ESAÕs science laboratory Columbus.
Radiation levels in space can be 15 times higher than on Earth. As soon as humans leave the protective shield that is EarthÕs atmosphere, space radiation becomes a serious concern. As we explore farther and head towards the Moon and even Mars on longer flights, defending ourselves against radiation becomes ever more important.
Dosis-3D helps researchers understand space radiation and how it penetrates the Space Station walls. Active and passive radiation detectors are used to map radiation in all modules, and will help designers and engineers make future spacecraft more resistant to radiation, such as the modules for the lunar Gateway.
Experiments like Dosis-3D often go overlooked as they sit passively in the corner, but as we approach the anniversary of 20 years of continuous habitation of the International Space Station, they are great examples of the kind of science that occurs on humankindÕs outpost in space, and helps prepare for the future of human exploration.
The orange-wrapped dosimeters are about the size of a pack oCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Keep this surface dirty
Keep this surface dirty.
A Ôdo not touchÕ directive applies to both a Matisse painting and this Matiss experiment on board the International Space Station.
Designed to test the antibacterial properties of hydrophobic (or water-repelling) surfaces on the Station, the sample holders of the upgraded Matiss-2.5 experiment have done their work for roughly a year on board and are now back on Earth for analysis.
Bacteria are a big problem in space as they tend to build up in the constantly-recycled atmosphere of the Space Station. For the six astronauts living in humanityÕs habitat in space, keeping the Station clean is an important part of their life to avoid bacteria and fungus. Every Saturday is cleaning day, when the whole crew wipe surfaces, vacuum and collect waste.
Matiss or Microbial Aerosol Tethering on Innovative Surfaces in the international Space Station, driven by French space agency CNES, in collaboration ENS de Lyon and CEA-Leti, and commissioned in 2016 by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, examines the performance of five advanced materials in preventing illness-causing microorganisms from settling and growing in microgravity.
The experiment consists of plaques each containing the five materials to be tested plus a glass control surface. The units are open on the sides to let air flow naturally through and collect any bacteria floating past.
The first set of the Matiss experiment, known as Matiss-1, provided some baseline data points for researchers. Four sample holders were set up in three different locations within the European Columbus laboratory, where they remained for six months.
Once these samples were returned to Earth, researchers characterised the deposits formed on each surface and used the control material to establish a reference for the level and type of contamination expected over half a year.
A continuation of the experiment, knoCredit: ESA / eyevine
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European space laboratory
European space laboratory.
The European space laboratory that is part of the International Space Station, August 2020.
While much of Europe was on holidays in August, it was business as usual on the International Space Station. European science continued to collect data on a range of topics looking to enhance space exploration and life on Earth. Credit: ESA / eyevine
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A panorama of the International Space Station
This panorama of the International Space Station is a wider view of what ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano was capturing on camera during the first of a series of historic spacewalks that took place in November 2019.
Author, journalist and researcher Lee Brandon-Cremer created this photo by stitching together three images taken by Luca as he made his way to the worksite during the first Extravehicular Activity or EVA to service the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), the StationÕs dark matter detector.
"For every spacewalk there are thousands of images taken. Sometimes a few images jump out at me,Ó he explains. ÒOne day I realised I could stitch these images together to expand the scene and show what the astronaut sees in a broader sense.Ó
To create this view, Lee first went looking for images with common points. This proved tricky: of the 1000 or so images he scanned, he found three that could be worked into two expanded photos of the Space Station.
He then joined and lightly edited the images to create a smooth photograph, a technique referred to as ÒstitchingÓ.
In the final image you can see the white panel radiators that keep the Space Station cool. The spacecraft on the left is a Soyuz. On the right is the Kibo module, with Japanese flag visible. The Space Station is flying to the right in this picture.
Nowadays we are spoiled for space imagery. From satellites circling the Earth and spacecraft taking selfies to astronaut snaps from the International Space Station, there is no shortage of photographs at which to marvel Ð and they are easy to access.
Aside from the critical role these images play in aiding scientific studies of Earth, the Solar System and outer space, they are important tools for science communication and public engagement.
One advantage of space imagery made public is how it engages citizen scientists and Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Southern Ukraine
Southern Ukraine.
Southern Ukraine is featured in this false-colour image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission. This image was processed in a way that included the near-infrared channel, which makes vegetation appear bright red.
Owing to Ukraineís climate and arable land, agriculture plays a large role in the countryís economy. In this image, captured on 26 June 2019, a patchwork of agricultural fields dominate the landscape. Ukraineís main grain crops are winter wheat, spring barley and corn.
Circular shapes in the image are an example of centre-pivot irrigation systems, where equipment rotates around a central pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers.
The bright red contrasts with the black waters of the Kakhovka Reservoir on the Dnieper River, visible at the top of the image. Canals are visible as thin, black lines cutting through the agricultural fields, and are mostly used for water supply and irrigation of the surrounding farmlands.
In the far left of the image, the oval-shaped Oleshky Sands is visible. Covering an area of around 160 sq km., this large expanse of sand is considered a small desert in Ukraine. The grassy plains that used to cover the area are said to have died off hundreds of years ago owing to sheep farming ñ initiating the areaís desertification.
In the bottom-right of the image, a colourful network of salty lagoons lie along the northern border of the Crimean Peninsula. These shallow, marshy inlets are known as Syvash (also Sivash or Sivaö). During summer months, the warmer marsh waters leave unpleasant odours ñ earning the region the nicknames ëPutrid Seaí and ëRotten Sea.í
Copernicus Sentinel-2 is a two-satellite mission. Each satellite carries a high-resolution camera that images Earthís surface in 13 spectral bands. The mission is mostly used to track changes in the way land is being used and to monCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls.
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over Victoria Falls Ð one of the worldÕs greatest natural wonders.
Victoria Falls, known locally as Mosi-oa Tunya or Ôthe smoke that thunders,Õ lies along the course of the Zambezi River, on the border between Zambia to the north and Zimbabwe to the south. The Zambezi River flows for around 3500 km from its source on the Central African Plateau and empties into the Indian Ocean.
In this image, captured on 22 February 2019, the river cuts from left to right in the image before plunging over Victoria Falls Ð visible as a white line in the image. While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, Victoria Falls has a width of around 1700 m and a height of over 100 m which classifies it as the worldÕs largest sheet of falling water.
The spray from the falls normally rises to a height of over 400 m and is sometimes visible from up to 40 km away. The water from the Zambezi River then continues and enters a narrow, zigzagging series of gorges, visible in the bottom right of the image.
Despite recent reports of Victoria Falls drying up, the Zambezi River is subject to large seasonal fluctuations Ð with water levels rising and dropping dramatically throughout the year. According to the Zambezi River Authority, the lowest recorded water flows recorded were during the 1995Ñ96 season, which had an annual mean flow of around 390 cubic metres per second, compared to the long-term mean annual flow of around 1100 cubic metres per second.
The town of Victoria Falls, in Zimbabwe, can be seen west of the falls, while the town of Livingstone Ð named after the famous Scottish explorer Ð is visible just north of the falls, in Zambia. The Harry Mwanga Nkumbula airport can be seen west of the town.
The circular shapes in the image are an example of an irrigation method called pivot irrCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Qarman CubeSat deployed from ISS
Qarman CubeSat deployed from ISS.
The moment ESA's latest mission left the International Space Station: the Qarman reentry CubeSat developed with Belgium's Von Karman Institute was deployed by NASA astronaut Andrew 'Drew' Morgan via a Nanoracks dispenser on 19 February 2020. Qarman will now fall gradually to Earth, to eventually gather valuable data on atmospheric reentry physics.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Suited up for gravity
Suited up for gravity. When it comes to grasping an object, our eyes, ears and hands are intimately connected. Our brain draws information from different senses, such as sight, sound and touch, to coordinate hand movements.
Researchers think that, on Earth, gravity is also part of the equation Ð it provides a set of anchoring cues for the central nervous system. Human evolution has balanced its way across millenia with visual references, self-orientation and the help of the vestibular system.
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano got a handle on how microgravity affects our ability to grab and manipulate objects in space with the Gravitational References for Sensimotor Performance (Grasp) experiment.
To get an idea of the differences in how our brains work both with and without gravityÕs pull, the Grasp experiment is also conducted back on Earth. Following his 201-day mission in space, Luca is continuing to work with researchers to collect scientific data while he undertakes a comprehensive rehabilitation programme.
During Grasp, LucaÕs eyes, ears and hands are suited up with a set of sensors Ð including a virtual reality headset Ð that gather information about his actions as he carries out a range of tasks. Rotating his hand to align with a visual object is the main activity, couched in a sort of video-game target practice.
By analysing patterns in the way Luca aligns his hands to the target, researchers seek to better understand how the central nervous system integrates the role of gravity in the neural processes underlying eye-hand coordination.
Armed with an enhanced understanding of the physiology behind eye-hand coordination, researchers hope to better understand and treat disorders relating to vertigo and dizziness, balance, spatial orientation and other aspects of the vestibular system. It will also be helpful in guiding astronauts during spacewalks anCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is docked to the Unity module after being grappled by the CanadaArm2 at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 for docking at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 for docking at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Northrop Grumman Cygnus Cargo Spacecraft Docks to the International Space Station
February 18, 2020, International Space Station, EARTH ORBIT: The Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft with the distinct cymbal shaped solar panels is grappled by the CanadaArm2 for docking at the International Space Station February 18, 2020 in Earth Orbit. The unmanned cargo craft is carrying more than 7,500 pounds of supplies for the crew of the orbiting lab. Credit: NASA / eyevine
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ISS crosses the moon
Say cheese. Amateur astrophotographer Javier Manteca captured the International Space Station as flew in front of the Moon on 5 February. While most eyes were on the change of command ceremony taking place inside the Space Station ahead of ESA astronaut Luca ParmitanoÕs return to Earth, Javier set up his gear to track the Station from the small town of Campo Real in Madrid, Spain.
Using a camera attached to a 150/750 telescope recording at 25 frames per second, Javier captured the 690 millisecond transit on video and composed this image made from 17 stacked frames.
For Javier, this was a moment two years in the making. He posted the image to his Twitter and Instagram, where you can find more of his work.
Luca returned to Earth the day after this photo, on 6 February, ending a record-breaking 201 days in space for his Beyond mission.
Highlights of his mission include four complex sorties that earned him the European record for most cumulative hours spent on spacewalks, remotely operating a rover in the Netherlands from space, and being the first Italian European commander of the Station.
Another European milestone was met this week. The Orion spacecraft that will fly around the Moon on the Artemis-1 mission completed thermal-vacuum testing in the worldÕs largest vacuum chamber at NASAÕs Plum Brook Station in Ohio, USA.
ESAÕs contribution to the mission is the European Service Module that will power the vehicle as well as provide electricity, water, oxygen and nitrogen and keep the spacecraft at the right temperature and on course.
From 26 December until 9 February, the spacecraft was subjected to environmental temperatures varying from Ð175¡C to 75¡C to give it its first taste of space. Read more about it on the ESA Orion blog. The spacecraft will be reconfigured for electromagnetic testing, to begin at the end of the month.Credit: ESA / eyevine
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Down to Earth
Down to Earth.
Jessica Meir rocks her CAVES shirt on board the International Space Station. Jessica was the first woman to participate in ESAÕs underground astronaut training programme in 2016.
It might not be obvious, but there are many similarities between working deep underground and in outer space.
Since 2011, ESAÕs Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills course has been taking astronauts below EarthÕs surface and preparing them to work safely and effectively as representative spaceflight teams in an environment where risk, scientific operations and living conditions have many similarities to space . At the end of the course astronauts are better prepared to participate in long term ISS expeditions, balancing mission goals, environmental risks, team demands through their individual skills and team processes.
As many as 34 astronauts from six agencies have scouted caves to experience the challenges and excitement of exploring alien environments on Earth.
Jessica joined the 2016 edition along with five astronauts from China, Japan, USA, Spain and Russia in the caves of Sardinia, Italy, to explore the depths and train for life in outer space. As the teamÕs biologist, Jessica was tasked with searching for alien underground life. Jessica talked about her love for exploration and her experience at CAVES in her video before launching to the Space Station.
Just as with spacewalks, the underground ÔcavewalksÕ required safety tethering, 3D orientation, careful planning and teamwork. Jessica and her fellow cave explorers needed to stay alert in an environment where they were deprived of natural light and every move was a step into the unknown.
The experience no doubt complemented the extensive spacewalk training she has since received. Jessica went on to conduct the first ever all-female spacCredit: ESA / eyevine
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Aurora Above Atlantic Ocean
January 22, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - An aurora blankets the Earth beneath a celestial night sky as the International Space Station orbited 261 miles above the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North America. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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International Space Station astronauts
Luca and Drew with their spacesuits. International Space Station commander Luca Parmitano and NASA astronaut Andrew Morgan work on the spacesuits they will wear during the fourth and final #SpacewalkForAMS scheduled for 25 January. During this spacewalk, the duo will finalise thermal repairs on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an astrophysics device searching for evidence of dark matter and antimatter on the International Space Station's Starboard-3 truss structure.
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NASA Astronauts Finalize Thermal Repairs
January 21, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - (From left) Commander LUCA PARMITANO of ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA astronaut ANDREW MORGAN work on U.S. spacesuits they will wear on a spacewalk scheduled for Jan. 25. The duo will finalize thermal repairs on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an astrophysics device searching for evidence of dark matter and antimatter on the International Space Station's Starboard-3 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Finalize Thermal Repairs
January 21, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - Commander LUCA PARMITANO of ESA (European Space Agency) works on U.S. spacesuits that he and NASA astronaut Andrew Morgan will wear on a spacewalk scheduled for Jan. 25. The duo will finalize thermal repairs on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an astrophysics device searching for evidence of dark matter and antimatter on the International Space Station's Starboard-3 truss structure (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR is pictured during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. Meir had her photograph taken by fellow NASA astronaut Christina Koch as both spacewalkers were working 266 miles above the Pacific Ocean off the coast of New Zealand. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut CHRISTINA KOCH is tethered to the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronauts JESSICA MEIR (left) and CHRISTINA KOCH are pictured during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR is outfitted with pistol grip tools and attached to an articulating portable foot restraint during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - The reflection in NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR spacesuit helmet is fellow NASA astronaut Christina Koch photographing her crewmate during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - The barely noticeable reflection in NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR spacesuit helmet is fellow NASA astronaut Christina Koch photographing her crewmate during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 20, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut CHRISTINA KOCH is pictured near a solar array during a spacewalk to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 15, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR is attached to an articulating portable foot restraint during a spacewalk with NASA astronaut Christina Koch (upper right) to finalize upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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NASA Astronauts Upgrade Power Systems
January 11, 2020 - Earth Atmosphere - NASA astronaut JESSICA MEIR works in the Quest airlock on U.S. spacesuits that she and fellow NASA astronaut Jessica Koch wore during a pair of spacewalks on Jan. 15 and Jan. 20. The duo finalized upgrading power systems on the International Space Station's Port-6 truss structure during both spacewalks. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Cygnus Space Freighter With Cymbal-Shaped Solar Arrays
Nov 9, 2019 - Earth Atmosphere - Northrop Grumman's Cygnus space freighter with its prominent cymbal-shaped solar arrays is pictured as the International Space Station orbited 265 miles above the South Atlantic Ocean near the tip of South Africa. In the top right foreground, is the seven-windowed cupola with its window shutters open. Behind Cygnus, is the one of the station's basketball court-sized solar arrays. (Credit Image: © NASAPhoto Credit: NASA / eyevine
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Spacewalk prep
Four spacewalks in the coming weeks means a lot of prep work. ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano is gearing up the first in a series of historic extravehicular activities or EVAs taking place 15 November. He is pictured here creating tape flags that will be used to mark tubes during the spacewalks.
The spacewalks are to service the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer or AMS, a cosmic ray detector that is searching for dark matter, antimatter, and completely unexpected physics well beyond its three-year mission.
Installed outside the International Space Station in 2011, the instrument has recorded over 140 billion particles to date along with their mass, velocity, and charge and direction of travel. This data is helping scientists track down the origin of cosmic rays and search for dark matter, the invisible matter component of our universe, as well as the antimatter counterpart that should have been created at the birth of our universe in the Big Bang.
As expected, the harsh environment of space began to wear down the facility. One by one, the cooling pumps keeping a vital detector at a constant temperature began to fail, affecting the data collection.
Plans for spacewalks to upgrade the pumps have been in the making for years to keep the science going.
Never intended to be serviced in orbit, the AMS maintenance will be complex.
For starters, AMS-02 has over 300,000 data channels. There are also no handrails or foot restraints installed around the instrument to access the cooling system that needs maintenance. New tools are also needed, as astronauts have never cut and reconnected fluid lines in a bulky spacesuit before.
Luca trained well in advance for these spacewalks at NASAÕs Johnson Space Center in Houston, USA. New tools and procedures were extensively tested, with a lot of know-how drawn from the last series of complex spacewalks to extend the life of a valuable space instrument, the Hubble Space telescope.
Now that the latest Cygnus cargo supply mis
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Australian river
Australian river.
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano snapped this image of Australia from the International Space Station during his second long-duration mission known as Beyond. He posted it on social media after returning to Earth saying "The delta of an Australian river like a life-bringing tree."
Luca came back from the International Space Station, on 5 February 2020. He spent six months living and working on the orbital outpost where he supported more than 50 European experiments and more than 200 international experiments in space.
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FEATURE - 'Moving to Mars' Ausstellung im Design Museum in London
Mandatory Credit: Photo by Nils Jorgensen/REX (10448465bn)
Anna Talvi micro-gravity garments
'Moving to Mars' exhibition, Design Museum, London, UK - 17 Oct 2019
Moving to Mars, a new exhibition which explores what it would be like to live on Mars, at The Design Museum
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FEATURE - 'Moving to Mars' Ausstellung im Design Museum in London
Mandatory Credit: Photo by Nils Jorgensen/REX (10448465br)
Anna Talvi with her micro-gravity garments
'Moving to Mars' exhibition, Design Museum, London, UK - 17 Oct 2019
Moving to Mars, a new exhibition which explores what it would be like to live on Mars, at The Design Museum
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